Quantification of Water-Soluble Metabolites in Medicinal Mushrooms Using Proton NMR Spectroscopy

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The water-soluble metabolites in 5 mushrooms were identified and quantified using proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and software for targeted metabolite detection and quantification. In total, 35 compounds were found in Agaricus brasiliensis, 25 in Taiwanofungus camphoratus, 23 in Ganoderma lucidum (Taiwan) and Lentinus edodes, and 16 in G. lucidum (China). Total amounts of all identified metabolites in A. brasiliensis, T. camphoratus, G. lucidum, G. lucidum (China), and L. edodes were 149,950.51, 12,834.18, 9,549.09, 2,788.41, and 111,726.51 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. These metabolites were categorized into 4 groups: free amino acids and derivatives, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and nucleosides. Carbohydrates were the most abundant metabolites among all 4 groups, with mannitol having the highest concentration among all analyzed metabolites (848-94,104 mg/ kg dry weight). Principal components analysis (PCA) showed obvious distinction among the metabolites of the 5 different kinds of mushrooms analyzed in this study. Thus PCA could provide an optional analytical way of identifying and recognizing the compositions of flavor products. Furthermore, the results of this study demonstrate that NMRbased metabolomics is a powerful tool for differentiating between various medicinal mushrooms.

Revealing the 1H‐NMR Profiling of Six Edible Mushrooms Consumed in the Northeastern Highlands of Puebla, Mexico

“…These data confirmed high metabolite variance in each fungal species studied, which can be used to predict their nutritional properties and nutraceutical potential. Similar results on high metabolite variance have been reported in medicinal and edible foods consumed in distinct parts of the world [6,9] …”

“…These data strongly suggested that these fungi may be safe for diabetics, considering that low levels of reducing sugars are unable to increase glycemic index. Interestingly, the 1 H‐NMR metabolite profiling of five Asian medicinal mushrooms such as Agaricus brasiliensis , Taiwanofungus camphoratus , Ganoderma lucidum (from Taiwan) G. lucidum (from China) and Lentinus edodes revealed the presence of free amino acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and nucleosides [9] . Comparable results were obtained by Liu et al [6] .…”

“…Interestingly, the 1 H-NMR metabolite profiling of five Asian medicinal mushrooms such as Agaricus brasiliensis, Taiwanofungus camphoratus, Ganoderma lucidum (from Taiwan) G. lucidum (from China) and Lentinus edodes revealed the presence of free amino acids and their derivatives, carbohydrates, carboxylic acids, and nucleosides. [9] Comparable results were obtained by Liu et al [6] who determined endogenous levels of the same groups of metabolites in Ganoderma amboinense, Agaricus subrufescens, Dictyophora indusiata, Pleurotus sajor-caju, Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus geesteranu, Hericium erinaceus, Stropharia rugosoannulata, Pleu- rotus sapidus, Antrodia camphorata, and Lentinus edodes.…”

Feeding on fungi: genomic and proteomic analysis of the enzymatic machinery of bacteria decomposing fungal biomass

“…The aqueous supernatant of A . bisporus was reported to contain amino acids and carbohydrates, monomers of chitin, glucan and proteins (Lo et al ., 2016); In total, up to 10% of A . bisporus cell walls consist of proteins (Novaes‐Ledieu and Mendoza, 1981; Mendoza et al ., 1996) and thus represent a quantitatively attractive resource containing both C and N. All our isolates possessed an almost identical set of peptidase genes.…”

“…Empirically, up to 80% of the Agaricus bisporus cell wall was previously described as carbohydrates containing glucose, N‐acetylglucosamine and glucosamine, and up to 10% proteins and 10% lipids (Novaes‐Ledieu and Mendoza, 1981; Mendoza et al ., 1996). In addition to this polymeric fraction of biomass, the water‐soluble content of the closely related Agaricus brasiliensis was reported to contain a high amount of amino acids and its derivatives followed by carbohydrates, with the most abundant individual compounds being mannitol, trehalose, glucose and arabinitol (Lo et al ., 2016). Of those, mannitol was most abundant, being an energy reserve of the fungus (Hammond and Nichols, 1975).…”