Quantification of TiO₂ and ZnO nanoparticles in wastewater using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry

Prospects of surfactant assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction for the selective extraction of silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles from tap water and determination by spICP-MS

“…In addition, a previous mixture of both reagents (2.5% (m/v) triton X-114/1,2-dichloroethane) before addition to the water sample was needed, since the addition of dispersant and extractant separately did not lead to cloudy dispersion. These findings agree with those reported by Selahle and Nomngongo 34 when using the triton X-114/ n -butyl acetate mixture.…”

“…Therefore, a volume of 1000 μL of 49 : 1 triton X-114/1,2-dichloroethane mixture was selected for further experiments. The need for using large dispersant/extractant volumes has been also reported for the triton X-114/ n -butyl acetate system, 34 and it contrasts to the low dispersant and extractant volumes reported by Liu et al (50 and 70 μL of dispersant and extractant, respectively, in sequential addition). 33…”

“…Triton X-114 was selected as a surfactant, 33,34 and several preliminary experiments were performed for selecting the best extractant, the concentration of triton X-114, and the surfactantextractant ratio (49 : 1). A proper cloudy solution was observed when using 1,2-dichloroethane as an extractant, 33 Triton X114 at 2.5% (m/v), and a 2.5% (m/v) triton X-114/1,2-dichloroethane (49 : 1) mixture, whereas other surfactant concentrations and/or surfactant/extractant ratios led to transparent solutions and lack of a sedimented phase aer centrifugation.…”

“…As reviewed, applications have been mainly focused on preconcentrating/isolating organic compounds and metallic ions; [30][31][32] although some developments have been made for gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) in water 33 and TiO 2 NPs and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in wastewater. 34 Analytical techniques such as inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) 34 and electrothermal vaporizationinductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ETV-ICP-MS) 33 have been proposed for assessing the metal amount of the isolated NPs. These techniques assess the metal content in NPs but do not determine the number of nanoparticles.…”