Quantification of salt weathering in porous stones using an experimental continuous partial immersion method

Benavente, David; Cura, María Ángeles García del; Bernabéu, Ana M.; Ordóñez, S.

doi:10.1016/s0013-7952(01)00020-5

Cited by 127 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…ASTM C-88, ASTM C-218, DIN 52111, RILEM 1980, V-1a, V-1b, V-2 and UNE-EN 12370). However, Benavente et al (2) already discussed the advantages of partial immersion methods in comparison to the European standard UNE-EN 12370 and concluded these methods replicate better the salt crystallization dynamics in real cases than total immersion methods.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This material is particularly susceptible to salt weathering, which in turn caused important damages in archaeological sites. (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6). The mechanism of salt precipitation and consequent weathering forms are controlled by the petrographical characteristics of the limestone, as well as the dominant environmental conditions, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A commonly used method for understanding the mechanics of natural deterioration is the simulation, under controlled laboratory conditions, of salt weathering dynamics, by subjecting samples to various environmental regimes and carrying out imbibitions-drying tests (2,12,13) and also the environmental cabinets which allow the accurate control of temperature and humidity cycles and by testing the resulted samples using different techniques, this may give us more details about salt crystallization and its relation to deterioration of the natural stones.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of temperature in a capillary imbibition salt weathering simulation test on Mokattam limestone

Aly¹,

Gómez-Heras²,

Hamed³

et al. 2015

Mater. construcc.

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Limestone is one of the most frequent building stones used in monuments in Egypt from ancient Egyptian times and salt weathering is one of the main threats to these monuments. During this work, cylindrical limestone samples (2 cm diameter and approx. 4 cm length) from Mokattam group, one of the most frequent materials in historic Cairo, were subjected, in a purpose-made simulation chamber, to laboratory salt weathering tests with a 10% weight NaCl solution at different temperatures (20, 30, 40 °C). During each test, temperature was kept constant and salt solutions flowed continuously imbibing samples by capillary rise resembling the way they get into building stone in many real cases. Air temperature, relative humidity inside the simulation chamber and also samples weight were digitally monitored and recorded. Results show the influence of temperature and the ratio between imbibitions and evaporation on the dynamics of salt crystallization in the samples. RESUMEN: La influencia de la temperatura en un ensayo simulado de deterioro por sales mediante absorción capilar en la caliza de mokattam.Los monumentos egipcios se construyeron frecuentemente con caliza desde la antigüedad y uno de sus principales agentes de deterioro son las sales. Por ejemplo, en la zona histórica de El Cairo son frecuentes las calizas del grupo Mokattam. Cilindros (2 cm de diámetro y aproximadamente 4 cm de altura) de esta caliza se sometieron a ensayos de deterioro por sales en una cámara experimental específicamente diseñada. Se utilizó una solución salina (10% en peso de NaCl) a diferentes temperaturas (20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C) que se mantuvieron constantes en cada ensayo. La solución fluía constantemente embebiendo las muestras por capilaridad, simulando lo que ocurre en casos reales. La temperatura del aire, humedad relativa en la cámara y peso de las muestras se monitorizaron con sensores digitales. Los resultados muestran la influencia de la temperatura y del balance entre imbibición y evaporación en la dinámica de la cristalización de sales en las muestras.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of temperature in a capillary imbibition salt weathering simulation test on Mokattam limestone

Aly¹,

Gómez-Heras²,

Hamed³

et al. 2015

Mater. construcc.

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“…For example, the virtues of salt loading through a single immersion in a saturated solution were subsequently recognised and developed by Goudie (1993) and by Goudie and Viles (1995). Goudie (1986) also built upon a capillary rise procedure described by Lewin (1982) to replicate damage similar to that associated with groundwater salts in deserts (e.g., see Cooke et al, 1982;Cooke, 1994)-an idea that has been taken a stage further by Benavente et al (2001) with a continuous partial immersion technique in which samples are stood within a salt solution. A growing interest has also been shown in reproducing moisture and associated salt deposition by fog and dewfall.…”

Section: Taking the Plunge: Moisture And Salt Regimesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salt-weathering simulations under hot desert conditions: agents of enlightenment or perpetuators of preconceptions?

et al. 2005

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“…Es por ello que la cristalización de sales se contempla como uno de los mecanismos de deterioro en la serie de ensayos de envejecimiento artificial acelerado que se realizan de manera rutinaria y estandarizada en la piedra natural (37,38). Sin embargo, algunos autores ya comienzan a demandar una revisión de este ensayo (39)(40)(41), principalmente en lo que al procedimiento del ensayo se refiere. Un aspecto que generalmente no se contempla es la influencia que la anisotropía tiene en el proceso de deterioro de los materiales pétreos, y en concreto en el mecanismo de cristalización de sales (2,42,43).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Influencia de la anisotropía en la durabilidad de las dolomías Cretácicas de la Comunidad de Madrid frente a la cristalización de sales

Fort¹,

Fernández-Revuelta²,

Varas³

et al. 2007

Mater. construcc.

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RESUMENEn este trabajo se estudia el comportamiento de las dolomías de Redueña y de Torrelaguna frente a los efectos de la cristalización de sales. Ambos materiales han sido ampliamente utilizados en la construcción del Patrimonio arquitectónico y monumental de la región de Madrid. Para la selección de las probetas pétreas a ensayar, se midió la velocidad de propagación de ondas ultrasónicas (Vp) en cerca de un centenar de muestras cúbicas de cada variedad. Se calcularon los índices de anisotropía y se realizó un proceso de clustering para su clasificación en función de niveles de la misma. De cada clase se tomaron dos probetas representativas y se procedió a su caracterización petrográfica y petrofísica antes y después de someterlas a ciclos de cristalización de sales. Para la evaluación del envejecimiento se registró la variación de peso y se documentó el deterioro visual observado. El patrón de degradación para cada uno de los materiales frente a los ciclos es bastante distinto: la dolomía de Redueña es la que presenta un deterioro más intenso con descamaciones y desplacados mientras que la de Torrelaguna tiende a generar fragmentaciones y formas redondeadas.Palabras clave: dolomías, ultrasonidos, índices de anisotropía, cristalización de sales, deterioro, piedra natural. SUMMARYThe behaviour of dolostone exposed to the effects of salt crystallization processes was studied on materials from Redueña and Torrelaguna in the province of Madrid, Spain. Much of the region's architectural and monumental heritage was built with the materials from these two sites. Stone specimens were selected for testing on the basis of ultrasonic wave propagation velocity (Vp) measurements taken in around one hundred cubic samples of each variety. The anisotropy indices were calculated and the samples were clustered on the basis of the results. Two representative samples of each class were taken and characterized for their petrographic and petrophysical properties before and after exposure to salt crystallization cycles. Ageing was evaluated in terms of weight loss and the visual deterioration observed. The pattern of decay found varied substantially in the two materials: the Redueña material exhibited more intense deterioration, with scaling and spalling, while the Torrelaguna dolostone tended to generate fragmentation and rounding at corners and edges.

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Quantification of salt weathering in porous stones using an experimental continuous partial immersion method

Cited by 127 publications

References 15 publications

The influence of temperature in a capillary imbibition salt weathering simulation test on Mokattam limestone

The influence of temperature in a capillary imbibition salt weathering simulation test on Mokattam limestone

Salt-weathering simulations under hot desert conditions: agents of enlightenment or perpetuators of preconceptions?

Influencia de la anisotropía en la durabilidad de las dolomías Cretácicas de la Comunidad de Madrid frente a la cristalización de sales

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