Abstract:Perfume encapsulates are widely used in commercial products to control the kinetic release of odorant molecules, increase storage stability and/or improve deposition on different substrates. In most of the cases, they consist of core-shell polymeric microcapsules that contain fragrance molecules. A current challenge is to design and produce polymeric materials for encapsulation that are both resistant and non-persistent. The selection of such eco-friendly formulations is linked to a deep understanding of the p… Show more
“…By investigating both markers using fluorescence microscopy, the structural integrity and stability of the test material were confirmed, and we were able to detect any potential leak of the oil after breakage of the shells. The fragrance encapsulates were prepared according to procedures in the literature (Gasparini et al, 2020; León et al, 2017; Paret et al, 2019).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By investigating both markers using fluorescence microscopy, the structural integrity and stability of the test material were confirmed, and we were able to detect any potential leak of the oil after breakage of the shells. The fragrance encapsulates were prepared according to procedures in the literature (Gasparini et al, 2020;León et al, 2017;Paret et al, 2019). Melamine-formaldehyde resin (1.12 g; Urecoll SMV; BASF), 0.12 g of methylated melamine-formaldehyde resin (CYMEL ® ; 9370 Resin), colloidal stabilizer (4.90 g, poly[acrylamide 20%, acrylic acid 80%] 20% w/w in water), and water (42.0 g) were introduced into a 200-ml reactor at room temperature.…”
The uptake potential of Fragrance Encapsulates (FEs) by aquatic or terrestrial organisms was investigated. Due to their size of below 5 mm and their This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Accepted Articlepolymeric nature, FEs fall under the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) definition of microplastics (MPs).After use, FEs enter the sewer system and reach the sewage treatment plant (STP) where >90% of the FEs are likely to be removed by sorption to the sludge. When the STP-generated sludge is used as fertilizer for agricultural soils, this may lead to potential exposure of terrestrial invertebrates to FEs and especially those feeding on particles of a similar size as the FEs. Two aquatic (Corbicula fluminea (water exposure) and Hyalella azteca (water and dietary exposure)) and one terrestrial invertebrate (Eisenia andrei (soil exposure)) species were exposed to 50 mg/L (or mg/kg) double fluorescence labelled FEs (ø 5-50 µm). The results showed that FEs are available to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates but species specific differences regarding the ability to ingest FEs may exist. The benthic grazer H. azteca showed no ingestion of FEs, whereas the capsules were readily ingested and egested by the unselective freshwater filter-feeder C. fluminea, as well as the terrestrial decomposer E. andrei. No signs of bioaccumulation of FEs were indicated by microscopic assessment.This article includes online-only Supporting Information.
“…By investigating both markers using fluorescence microscopy, the structural integrity and stability of the test material were confirmed, and we were able to detect any potential leak of the oil after breakage of the shells. The fragrance encapsulates were prepared according to procedures in the literature (Gasparini et al, 2020; León et al, 2017; Paret et al, 2019).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By investigating both markers using fluorescence microscopy, the structural integrity and stability of the test material were confirmed, and we were able to detect any potential leak of the oil after breakage of the shells. The fragrance encapsulates were prepared according to procedures in the literature (Gasparini et al, 2020;León et al, 2017;Paret et al, 2019). Melamine-formaldehyde resin (1.12 g; Urecoll SMV; BASF), 0.12 g of methylated melamine-formaldehyde resin (CYMEL ® ; 9370 Resin), colloidal stabilizer (4.90 g, poly[acrylamide 20%, acrylic acid 80%] 20% w/w in water), and water (42.0 g) were introduced into a 200-ml reactor at room temperature.…”
The uptake potential of Fragrance Encapsulates (FEs) by aquatic or terrestrial organisms was investigated. Due to their size of below 5 mm and their This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Accepted Articlepolymeric nature, FEs fall under the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) definition of microplastics (MPs).After use, FEs enter the sewer system and reach the sewage treatment plant (STP) where >90% of the FEs are likely to be removed by sorption to the sludge. When the STP-generated sludge is used as fertilizer for agricultural soils, this may lead to potential exposure of terrestrial invertebrates to FEs and especially those feeding on particles of a similar size as the FEs. Two aquatic (Corbicula fluminea (water exposure) and Hyalella azteca (water and dietary exposure)) and one terrestrial invertebrate (Eisenia andrei (soil exposure)) species were exposed to 50 mg/L (or mg/kg) double fluorescence labelled FEs (ø 5-50 µm). The results showed that FEs are available to aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates but species specific differences regarding the ability to ingest FEs may exist. The benthic grazer H. azteca showed no ingestion of FEs, whereas the capsules were readily ingested and egested by the unselective freshwater filter-feeder C. fluminea, as well as the terrestrial decomposer E. andrei. No signs of bioaccumulation of FEs were indicated by microscopic assessment.This article includes online-only Supporting Information.
“…Typical melamine‐formaldehyde fragrance‐delivery systems used in laundry care products were used to prepare the test material. A protocol for preparing such an FE suspension at the lab scale has been reported by Gasparini et al ( 2020 ).…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The shells are designed so that the contained fragrance is released by the action of friction or pressure, which will rupture the shells. Because the test material of interest is one composing the polymeric shells, a protocol was developed to remove the fragrances and the additives from the capsules (Gasparini et al, 2020 ). The protocol consisted of several steps of drying, grinding, and extraction by organic solvents or water.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They are spheres with a typical diameter between 10 and 50 µm and a wall thickness <1 µm (Laroche & Gonzalez, 2018 ) containing the fragrance components. The shells are often made of cross‐linked thermoset melamine‐formaldehyde polymer and can also consist of other cross‐linked thermoset polymers such as polyurethane, polyurea, and polyamide, but to a lesser extent (Gasparini et al, 2020 ). Diverse chemistries are employed in the preparation of polymeric FEs involving phase separation polymerization, interfacial polymerization, or both (Jacquemond et al, 2009 ; León et al, 2017 ; Paret et al, 2019 ).…”
Fragrance encapsulates (FEs) are designed to deliver fragrance components, notably in laundry care products. They are made of thermoset polymeric shells surrounding the fragrance content. These materials enter the environment mainly during laundry washing, but little is known about their distribution in and impact on the environment. The aim of the present study was to estimate the environmental concentrations of FE shells in freshwater, sediment, and soil compartments for 34 selected countries and to compare them with ecotoxicological effects. Probabilistic material flow analysis was used to estimate worst-case predicted environmental concentrations (PECs). The lowest freshwater PEC was predicted for Finland (0.00011 µg/L) and the highest for Belgium (0.13 µg/L). Accumulation of FE shells between 2010 and 2019 was considered for sediments and sludge-treated soils. The PECs in sediments ranged from 3.0 µg/kg (Finland) to 3400 µg/kg (Belgium). For sludge-treated soil, the concentration was estimated to be between 0 (Malta and Switzerland) and 3600 µg/kg (Vietnam). Ecotoxicological tests showed no effects for FE shells at any tested concentration (up to 2700 µg/L freshwater, 5400 µg/kg sediment, and 9100 µg/kg soil), thus not allowing derivation of a predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC). Therefore, to characterize the environmental risks, the PEC values were compared with highest-observed-no-effect concentrations (HONECs) derived from ecotoxicological tests. The PEC/HONEC ratios were 9.3 × 10 -6 , 0.13, and 0.04 for surface waters, sediments, and sludge-treated soils, respectively, which are much below 1, suggesting no environmental risk. Because the PEC values constitute an upper boundary (no fate considered) and the HONEC values represent a lower boundary (actual PNEC values based on NOECs will be higher), the current risk estimation can be considered a precautionary worst-case assessment.
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