Quantification of Proviral Load of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Subtypes A and B Using Real-Time PCR

Damond, Florence; Descamps, Diane; Farfara, Isabelle; Telles, Jean-Noël; Puyeo, S; Campa, Pauline; Leprêtre, A.; Matheron, Sophie; Brun‐Vézinet, Françoise; Simon, François

doi:10.1128/jcm.39.12.4264-4268.2001

Cited by 54 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Despite the distinct viremia, HIV-1-and HIV-2-infected patients have been shown to have comparable levels of cell-associated viral load as assessed by proviral DNA (36,48,49). Accordingly, we found no significant difference between the levels of PBMC proviral DNA in the HIV-1 and HIV-2 cohorts.…”

Section: No Significant Correlation Of Serum Il-7 Levels With Viremiacontrasting

confidence: 39%

Rate of Increase in Circulating IL-7 and Loss of IL-7Rα Expression Differ in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections: Two Lymphopenic Diseases with Similar Hyperimmune Activation but Distinct Outcomes

Albuquerque

Cortesão

Foxall

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

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IL-7 is a nonredundant cytokine for T cell homeostasis. Circulating IL-7 levels increase in lymphopenic clinical settings, including HIV-1 infection. HIV-2 infection is considered a “natural” model of attenuated HIV disease given its much slower rate of CD4 decline than HIV-1 and limited impact on the survival of the majority of infected adults. We compared untreated HIV-1- and HIV-2-infected patients and found that the HIV-2 cohort demonstrated a delayed increase in IL-7 levels during the progressive depletion of circulating CD4 T cells as well as a dissociation between the acquisition of markers of T cell effector differentiation and the loss of IL-7Rα expression. This comparison of two persistent infections associated with progressive CD4 depletion and immune activation demonstrates that a better prognosis is not necessarily associated with higher levels of IL-7. Moreover, the delayed increase in IL-7 coupled with sustained expression of IL-7Rα suggests a maximization of available resources in HIV-2. The observation that increased IL-7 levels early in HIV-1 infection were unable to reduce the rate of CD4 loss and the impaired expression of the IL-7Rα irrespective of the state of cell differentiation raises concerns regarding the use of IL-7 therapy in HIV-1 infection.

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Section: No Significant Correlation Of Serum Il-7 Levels With Viremiacontrasting

confidence: 39%

Rate of Increase in Circulating IL-7 and Loss of IL-7Rα Expression Differ in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections: Two Lymphopenic Diseases with Similar Hyperimmune Activation but Distinct Outcomes

Albuquerque

Cortesão

Foxall

et al. 2007

The Journal of Immunology

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“…In any case if accurate discriminatory diagnosis of dual infection is desired this could be done through the use of a third rapid test such as Genie II HIV1/HIV2 or a confirmation test (Western blot) or by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). [25][26][27][28][29] PCR, however, will not always solve the problem due to the frequent low proviral load for HIV-2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa

Chaillet

Tayler‐Smith

Zachariah

et al. 2010

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygi

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“…If the RNA viral loads in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections differ significantly, the proviral loads in the peripheral blood are similar (5,20), and they are approximately five times higher in lymph nodes for both infections (14). Thus, a number of circulating CD4 T cells in infected individuals carry the HIV-2 provirus and may express the nef gene independently of the functionality of the other viral genes.…”

Section: Vol 83 2009 Hiv-2 Nef Does Not Protect Against Disease Promentioning

confidence: 99%

Downregulation of the T-Cell Receptor by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Nef Does Not Protect against Disease Progression

Feldmann

Leligdowicz

Jaye

et al. 2009

J Virol

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Chronic immune activation is thought to play a major role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pathogenesis, but the relative contributions of multiple factors to immune activation are not known. One proposed mechanism to protect against immune activation is the ability of Nef proteins from some HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus strains to downregulate the T-cell receptor (TCR)-CD3 complex of the infected cell, thereby reducing the potential for deleterious activation. HIV type 1 (HIV-1) Nef has lost this property. In contrast to HIV-1, HIV-2 infection is characterized by a marked disparity in the disease course, with most individuals maintaining a normal life span. In this study, we examined the relationship between the ability of HIV-2 Nef proteins to downregulate the TCR and immune activation, comparing progressors and nonprogressors. Representative Nef variants were isolated from 28 HIV-2-infected individuals. We assessed their abilities to downregulate the TCR from the surfaces of CD4 T cells. In the same individuals, the activation of peripheral lymphocytes was evaluated by measurement of the expression levels of HLA-DR and CD38. We observed a striking correlation of the TCR downregulation efficiency of HIV-2 Nef variants with immune activation in individuals with a low viral load. This strongly suggests that Nef expression can influence the activation state of the immune systems of infected individuals. However, the efficiency of TCR downregulation by Nef was not reduced in progressing individuals, showing that TCR downregulation does not protect against progression in HIV-2 infection.

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Quantification of Proviral Load of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Subtypes A and B Using Real-Time PCR

Cited by 54 publications

References 32 publications

Rate of Increase in Circulating IL-7 and Loss of IL-7Rα Expression Differ in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections: Two Lymphopenic Diseases with Similar Hyperimmune Activation but Distinct Outcomes

Rate of Increase in Circulating IL-7 and Loss of IL-7Rα Expression Differ in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections: Two Lymphopenic Diseases with Similar Hyperimmune Activation but Distinct Outcomes

Evaluation of four rapid tests for diagnosis and differentiation of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in Guinea-Conakry, West Africa

Downregulation of the T-Cell Receptor by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 Nef Does Not Protect against Disease Progression

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