Quantification of organophosphate insecticides and herbicides in vegetable samples using the “Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe” (QuEChERS) method and a high-performance liquid chromatography–electrospray ionisation–mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) technique

Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Food

“…The additives to LC/ MS mobile phases are restricted to volatile compounds; nonvolatile compounds such as phosphorous salts have to be avoided. The non-polar octadecylsilane phase (C 18 ) (Gómez-Pérez et al 2015;Fillatre et al 2014;AguileraLuiz et al 2011;Chung and Lam 2012;Gilbert-Lopez et al 2012;Sinha et al 2012) is commonly used as the stationary phase; the medium-polar octylsilane phase is used much more rarely (C 8 ) (Lozano et al 2012;Nunez et al 2012;Kmellar et al 2011;Ferrer et al 2011). Columns with sorbent particle diameters of 3, 3.5, 4, and 5 μm are available from a range of manufacturers, the most popular being: Zorbax (Rajski et al 2013;Lozano et al 2012;Lee et al 2009a, b;Radisic et al 2009), Atlantis (Tran et al 2012;Tseng et al 2009;Romero-Gonzalez et al 2006), Luna (Camino-Sanchez et al 2010;Lehotay et al 2010), Polaris (Anagnostopoulos et al 2012), and Phenomenex (Fillatre et al 2014).…”

“…Short columns with the particle diameter not larger than 2 μm, first proposed by Waters in 2004 as BEH C 18 , with the particle diameter of 1.7 μm (Swartz 2005), are gaining increasing popularity. In this group of sorbents, the abovementioned column BEH C 1 8 (Sivaperumal et al 2015;Chung and Lam 2012;Chen et al 2011;Mastovska et al 2010) and Zorbax C 18 , with the particle diameter of 1.8 μm, from Agilent Technology (Perez-Ortega et al 2012;Stachniuk and Fornal 2013;Sinha et al 2012), are the most popular in the analysis of pesticide residues in food. Reduced particle diameter necessitates the use of increasingly higher pressures.…”

“…In the analysis of pesticide residues in food, the quadrupole-linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer has been used mainly to analyze pesticide residues in vegetables and fruit (Sinha et al 2012;Afify et al 2010;Lee et al 2009a, b;Pihlstrom et al 2007;Banerjee et al 2007), (Lee et al 2009a, b), cocoa beans (Zainudin et al 2015), lavandin oil (Fillatre et al 2014) fruit beverages (Tran et al 2012;Ferrer et al 2011), and fish muscle (Lazartigues et al 2011). …”

“…Its sample purity requirements are not stringent, and it enables a simultaneous analysis of substances that vary considerably in polarity. The popularity of the method is confirmed by the increasing number of publications dedicated to the applications of LC-MS in the determination of contaminants, including pesticides, in food (Sivaperumal et al 2015;Gómez-Pérez et al 2015;Martinez-Dominguez et al 2015;Golge and Kebak 2015;Fillatre et al 2014;Esturk et al 2014;Oshita and Jardim 2014;González-Curbelo et al 2014;Rajski et al 2013;Arienzo et al 2013;Stachniuk and Fornal 2013;Sinha et al 2012;Gilbert-Lopez et al 2012;Lozano et al 2012;Chung and Lam 2012;BoteroCoy et al 2012;Tian 2011;Pareja et al 2011;Kmellar et al 2011;Aguilera-Luiz et al 2011;Chen et al 2011;Lehotay et al 2010;Zhang et al 2010;Camino-Sanchez et al 2010;Kamel et al 2010;Brutti et al 2010). In pesticide residue analysis, similarly to the analysis of other food contaminants, there is a distinct tendency to develop fast multiresidue methods.…”

Extraction and Analysis of V-Type Agents (VX, RVX, CVX, and VM) from Various Food Matrices by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry

“…10,11 The pesticide literature often includes sample-preparation techniques that are commercially available and affordable, such as solid-phase extraction cartridges [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] or QuEChERS systems (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe); [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] however, the CWA literature seems to focus more on new techniques and specialized equipment that may not be as readily accessible to every laboratory. 9,[30][31][32][33][34][35] This document reports the efforts of the Agent Chemistry Team from the Research and Technology Directorate of the U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center (ECBC; Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD) in developing new extraction and analytical detection methodologies using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).…”