Quantification of methane emissions from latrines, septic tanks, and stagnant, open sewers in the world

Doorn, M.R.J.; Liles, David; Thorneloe, Susan A.

doi:10.1007/978-94-015-9343-4_4

Cited by 15 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…Doorn et al (1999) described good practice guidelines for methane emission estimation for the IPCC. Doorn and Liles (2000) estimated methane emissions from domestic waste water at 29 Tg/yr using an emission factor of 0.2 to 0.4 g methane per gram COD. We calculated an estimate of 26 Tg/yr for 1990 and 30 Tg/yr for 2010 based on the growth of sewage treatment.…”

Section: Methane From Waste Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane. A review

Amstel

2012

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

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Section: Methane From Waste Water Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methane. A review

Amstel

2012

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

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“…Often, other factors contributed to pipe back up, and septic tanks should be checked for sludge buildup before pumping. Doorn and Likes (1999) conducted a study to estimate global and country-specific methane emissions from open sewers and on-site wastewater treatment systems, including latrines and septic tanks. This study used an emission factor that expresses methane emissions in terms of COD reduction.…”

Section: On-site and Small-community Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Treatment and On‐Site Processes

White¹,

Burken²

1999

Water Environment Research

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Natural treatment systems are divided into several categories: land-treatment systems, wetland systems (both for stormwater treatment and wastewater treatment), aquatic systems (ponds and floating aquatic plant systems), and on-site and small community systems in this review. LAND TREATMENT SYSTEMSSediment transport was studied in non-submerged overland flow over grass by Deletic (1999). Sediment concentration in runoff was found to decrease exponentially with distance and reaches a constant value. A simplified relationship between particle fall number, Nf, and the percentage of particles trapped in the grass was established. Munoz-Carpena et al.(1999) described a singleevent model to predict sediment transport in vegetative filter strips. The model links three submodels: a Petrov-Galerkin finite element kinematic wave overland flow submodel, a modified Green-Ampt infiltration submodel, and the University of Kentucky sediment filtration model. A set of 27 natural runoff events were used to test the model, with good predictive capability. A study of phosphorus storage on lands irrigated with treated sewage effluent for over 20 years found that P accumulation occured primarily in organic forms, both within the soil and as peat on its surface (Menzies et al., 1999). This finding throws into question the common practice of predicting disposal scheme life on the basis of P adsorption curves. WETLAND SYSTEMSGeneral. Gerba et al. (1999) evaluated a duckweed-covered pond, a subsurface flow wetland, and a surface flow wetland for the removal of indicator bacteria and pathogenic protozoa. Larger microorganisms (Giardia and Cryptosporidium) were best removed in the the pond (sedimentation), while the best fecal coliform removal occurred in the subsurface flow wetlands (98%). These results suggest that combinations of ponds and wetlands work best to remove pathogenic organisms. A new mathematical model, using transport detention time, was developed to describe BOD removal in wetlands by Chen et al. (1999). The model treats the wetland as a series of continuously stirred tank reactors and an nth-order ordinary differential equation was derived based on mass balancing and convection/dispersion. The model is compared to existing plug-flow models and is shown to be more accurate, particularly in transient conditions. Xue et al. (1999) quantified denitrification in constructed wetlands receiving agricultural tile drainage. Nitrate disappearance rates in the water column ranged from 12 to 63 mg N m -2 hr -1 .Stormwater Wetlands. Hydrologic design considerations for stormwater treatment wetlands were described by Koob et al. (1999). Detention structure designs based on the time between events was encouraged to account for evaporation, infiltration, and treatment. Revitt et discussed the use of constructed wetland systems to reduce the impacts of urban runoff on receiving stream quality. Sedimentation maintenance and an overflow mechanism to prevent sediment remobilization were described as key elements. A study of vegetative syste...

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“…In 1999, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) estimated the global methane (CH 4 ) emissions from septic systems as 3.0 Tg-CH 4 /year, which accounted for 10.4% of the global CH 4 emissions from domestic wastewater. 9 This result indicated that the emissions from septic systems are not negligible. Based on this estimation, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), in 2007, proposed a CH 4 emission factor of septic systems as 25.5 g-CH 4 /cap/day, which allows the inclusion of GHG emissions from septic systems into global GHG emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“… 10 This emission factor assumed a stoichiometric relationship between total biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) loading in domestic wastewater and CH 4 emission from septic systems, and it is currently used to estimate GHG emissions from the wastewater sector worldwide. 11 However, the stoichiometric relationship used in the IPCC emission factor for septic systems was actually derived from an emission rate study of anaerobic lagoons, 12 not from septic systems themselves. The information about GHG emissions from septic systems is currently limited, although a large section of the population is using septic systems globally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Blackwater Septic Systems

Huynh

Harada

Fujii

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Septic systems are potentially a significant source of greenhouse gases (GHGs). The present study investigated GHGs from the blackwater septic systems that are widely used especially in low- and middle-income countries. Ten blackwater septic tanks in Hanoi, Vietnam, were investigated using the floating chamber method. The average methane and carbon dioxide emission rates measured at the first compartment (65% of total capacity) of the septic tanks were 11.92 and 20.24 g/cap/day, respectively, whereas nitrous oxide emission was negligible. Methane emission rate was significantly correlated with septage oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) (R = −0.67, p = 0.034), chemical oxygen demand mass (R = 0.78, p = 0.007), and biochemical oxygen demand mass (R = 0.78, p = 0.008), whereas it was not significantly correlated with water temperature (R = 0.26, p = 0.47) and dissolved oxygen (R = −0.59, p = 0.075) within the limited range: 30.6–31.7 °C and 0.03–0.34 mg-O2/L. The methane emission rates from septic tanks accumulating septage for >5 years were significantly higher than those at 0–5 years (p = 0.016). These results suggest that lower ORP and higher biodegradable carbon mass, in association with longer septage storage periods are key conditions for methane emissions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to characterize GHG emissions from septic systems.

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Quantification of methane emissions from latrines, septic tanks, and stagnant, open sewers in the world

Cited by 15 publications

References 1 publication

Methane. A review

Methane. A review

Natural Treatment and On‐Site Processes

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Blackwater Septic Systems

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