Quantification of Major Compounds fromIxeris dentata,Ixeris dentataVar.albiflora,andIxeris sonchifoliaand Their Comparative Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the comparative anti-inflammatory activities of Ixeris dentata (ID), Ixeris dentata var. albiflora (IDA), and Ixeris sonchifolia (IS) and to identify the main compounds present in extracts. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated through lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. Five main compounds consisting of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, and luteolin were used for simultaneous high-performance liquid chromatography quantification. The total phenolic content present in ID (30 mg/g GAE), IDA (35.33 mg/g GAE), and IS (43.79 mg/g GAE) was correlated to the corresponding LPS-induced NO production inhibitory effect in RAW 264.7 cells as expressed with IC(50) values 26.19, 21.43, and 7.59 μg/mL, respectively. Luteolin 7-O-glucoside was found as the major compound in ID (8.76 mg/g dry weight) and IDA (10.35 mg/g dry weight) and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide was the major compound in IS (34.66 mg/g dry weight). Luteolin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide inhibited LPS-induced NO production with IC(50) values of 30 and 4.5 μM, respectively. Furthermore, luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucoside, and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2, and t-BHP-induced ROS generation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. These results clearly showed that the anti-inflammatory potential of ID, IDA, and IS extract are primarily due to their contents of luteolin 7-O-glucoside and luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, respectively.

<i>Ixeris dentata</i> (Thunb) Nakai Ethylacetate Extract Attenuates Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Proteins-1c via AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation

“…According to recent research, ID has been proved to have a hypocholesterolaemic effect and an antioxidant activity, as well as ID is known to have aliphatics, triterpenoids and sesquiterpene glycosides in its composition [7,8].…”

“…The methanol extract was most effective in the anticancer activity, inhibiting the growth of MG-63 cells by more than ninety percent [8]. Also, the effect of ID on the cardiovascular system in hyperlipidemic rats was examined [8] and also caused prevention of neurodegenerative diseases [9,10].…”

“…Approximately 20 types of sesquiterpene and other compounds have been isolated from ID. It has been reported that its main compounds are luteolin, luteolin 7-O-glucuronide, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and guaiane sesquiterpene lactones [7,8]. Among these main compounds, inhibitory effects of luteolin, chlorogenic acid, and tectroside on allergic inflammation had already been reported.…”

Protective effect of total flavonoids from Ixeris Sonchifolia on herpes simplex virus keratitis in mice

“…Modern pharmalogical experiment showed that Kudiezi has many biological activities such as anti-oxidant, antiinflammation, anti-tumor and regulate the immune functions [10]. In celluar in vitro experiment, Karki et al reported that the component of ISH have a potent antiinflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells [11]. The study of Yang et al showed that ISH have a strong anti-oxidant activity in vitro [12].…”

Investigation of the interactions between Chrysanthemum morifolium flowers extract and intestinal bacteria from human and rat

“…The low molecular weight components of Flos Chrysanthemi show great diversity, including flavonoids, sesquiterpenes, triterpenes and unsaturated fatty acids, and some of these compounds contribute to the beneficial functions of Flos Chrysanthemi (Avula et al ., ; Michiko et al , ; Ukiya et al ., . Extensive phytochemical and pharmacological investigation of Flos Chrysanthemi revealed that its major bioactive compounds are flavonoids such as luteolin‐7‐ O ‐glucoside, luteolin, apigenin‐7‐ O ‐glucoside, diosmetin‐7‐ O ‐glucoside, quercetin and acacetin (Aslan & Adem, ; Farag et al ., ; Karki et al ., .…”