“…The molecular structures underlying living systems are degenerate in the relationships between their structure and function. For example, proteins, such as enzymes, antibodies, or receptors, no matter how specific for their substrates, antigens, or ligands, respectively, function as degenerate binders, and will also bind other molecules, although less specifically (Atamas, 1996, 2003, 2005; Atamas et al, 1998; Calis et al, 2012; D’Ari and Casadesus, 1998; Edelman and Gally, 2001; Hafler, 2002; Khan and Salunke, 2012; Krieger and Stern, 2001; Kupiec, 2010; Lancet et al, 1993; Lazcano et al, 1995; Li et al, 2012; Negishi et al, 1996). At the protein level, ligand binding sites are functionally degenerate for several reasons.…”