Quantification of Chloroxylenol, a Potent Antimicrobial Agent in Various Formulations and Water Samples: Environmental Friendly Electrochemical Sensor Based on Microwave Synthesis of Graphene

Abstract

A green method was applied for synthesis of high quality graphene nano-sheets (GR) by simultaneous reduction and exfoliation of as-prepared graphite oxide via microwave irradiation for only 30 s. The highlighted superiority of this developed method over those depicted in the literature is the absence of any hazard reducing, intercalation or chemical activating agents. TEM, FTIR, TGA and XRD analysis confirmed the formation of graphene nanosheets. TEM image reveals a typical wrinkled and crumpled GR structure. A number of graphene layers of 3.0 and interlayer spacing of 0.38 nm were calculated from XRD pattern. Graphene carbon paste modified electrode (GR/CPE) was then fabricated, characterized using SEM, EIS and CV techniques and applied for detection of a potent antimicrobial agent "Chloroxylenol". This developed sensor exhibited excellent performance for detecting bulk Chloroxylenol (LOD of 1.37 × 10 −9 M). Due to the high toxicity of such chlorinated phenolic compound as it can release to the environment through various waste streams and persistent in nature, GR/CPE was also employed for detecting Chloroxylenol in real samples such as its formulation products and water samples. This promising sensor based on ultrafast and cost-effective production of graphene can be employed for quality control analysis of pharmaceutical and environmental samples.

Reliable Fabrication of Graphene Nanostructure Based on e-Beam Irradiation of PMMA/Copper Composite Structure

“…After e-beam irradiation, a weak and broad diffrac-tion peak appeared at 21.3 • , which can be attributed to the (002) reflection of graphene nanosheets. This peak indicates that the first minimum graphene/graphite structure was formed, which is consistent with the hexagonal structure [24]. It also indicates that PMMA was successfully transferred to the multilayer graphene or graphite material.…”

“…Much of the work using Raman tests of graphitic materials was reported, and it has gradually become a convenient and nondestructive testing technology for samples. The molecular material information can be obtained by the interaction between a 532-nm incident laser and molecular structural vibration [ 23 , 24 ]. For the SiO 2 substrate sample shown in Figure 3 c, the D peak at 1350 cm −1 indicates that the sample has obvious defects and disordering.…”

Structure and adhesion properties of waterborne poly(urethane urea)s containing small amounts of different graphene derivatives

“…GP and MG show different morphologies than GO, and large and thick agglomerated flakes appear. Furthermore, due to corrugation of the graphene sheets, GP and MG show silk-like and restacked zones, folds and wrinkles are noticed in the edges [48]. The graphene sheets are more ordered in MG than in GP, the number of stacked graphene sheets is higher in GP (about 500 nm thick).…”

A Simple Approach for Trace Voltammetrical Determination of Itraconazole an Inhibitor of the Cytochrome P-450 14 α-demethylase Enzyme in Formulation and Human Plasma Utilizing Graphene-Carbon Paste Electrode in Situ Modified with an Anionic Surfactant

“…Graphene sheet is one-atom thick and 2D-layers of sp 2 -bonded carbon. 23 It is also an ideal material for various sensing applications 24,25 due to its very high electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity (owing to its subtle electronic characteristics and attractive π-π interaction), specific surface area (theoretical value ∼2630 m 2 g −1 ) and loading capacity for drug and biomolecules. [24][25][26] Also, the production of graphene can be achieved using graphite that is accessible and cheap.…”

“…23 It is also an ideal material for various sensing applications 24,25 due to its very high electrical conductivity, electrocatalytic activity (owing to its subtle electronic characteristics and attractive π-π interaction), specific surface area (theoretical value ∼2630 m 2 g −1 ) and loading capacity for drug and biomolecules. [24][25][26] Also, the production of graphene can be achieved using graphite that is accessible and cheap. 25,27 Graphene exhibits also strong adsorptive capability since every atom in each graphene sheet is a surface atom that molecular interaction and electron transport through graphene sheet can be highly sensitive to adsorbed species.…”