Forest ecosystems make a greater contribution to carbon (C) stocks than any other terrestrial ecosystem. To understand the role of regional forest ecosystems in global climate change and carbon exchange, forest C stocks and their spatial distribution within the small (2300 km 2 ) Liuxihe River basin in China were analyzed to determine the different contributors to the C stocks. Forest C stocks were quantified by measuring the biomass of trees, understory vegetation, litter and roots, as well as soil organic C, using data from field samples and laboratory experiments. The results showed that forests stored 38.04 Tg·C in the entire basin, with secondary and planted forests accounting for 89.82% and 10.18%, respectively, of the stored C. Five types of forests, a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, a subtropical coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest, a subtropical coniferous forest, a timber forest, and a non-wood forest, stored 257. 55 ± 15.01, 218.92 ± 9.59, 195.24 ± 18.29, 177.42 ± 17.55, and 117.86 ± 6.04 Mg·C·ha −1 , respectively. In the forest ecosystem C stocks of the basin, soils on average contributed about 73.78%, not including root underground biomass. The results of this study, which provide baseline forest C stock data for ecosystem services and regional C flux research, are useful to support the basin-scale forest management and land use change. economic value, planted forests play an important role in C sequestration, both at a regional and global scale [16,17].Forest ecosystems store large amounts of biomass C and soil C, and many recent studies of C stocks have examined the climax communities of forests while the consideration of understory vegetation has been commonly neglected [18][19][20]. The composition of tree species must affect the forest canopy and the understory vegetation, and it could continue to affect soil properties [21,22]. Both arbor and understory layers consist of the living biomass C pools in forests, which are can be above and/or below the ground floor. The litter mass remaining represents a critical pathway linking the above-and belowground processes. Forest litter is the main carrier and medium between the vegetation and soil C pools [23][24][25], and litter decomposition may have a substantial impact on forest soil C stocks [26]. Typical vegetation C densities range from 120 to 194 Mg·C·ha −1 in tropical forests and from 60 to 130 Mg·C·ha −1 in temperate forests [27], and about two-thirds of the total C in forest ecosystems is contained in soils [28]. Spatial estimations of forest soil C stocks are generally performed by landscape models [29] and digital terrain models [30,31] using RS (remote sensing) and GIS (geographic information system) technologies. Many studies estimated that soil C stocks in forests have a potential role in reducing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere [32][33][34]. The accumulation of soil organic C (SOC) in forest soils largely depends on soil types [35], stand age [36], and plant community composition [37,38]. Although vegetation C ...