Quantification of Bone Mineralization Using Computed Tomography

Rüegsegger, P.; Elsasser, U.; Anliker, M.; Gnehm, Hanspeter; Kind, Hanspeter; Prader, A.

doi:10.1148/121.1.93

Cited by 179 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…Uneven pixel responses can be normalised for, or removed by translating the detector during acquisition (so-called time delay integration 247 ). The earliest quantitative voxel value measurements were aimed at measuring bone density 245,248 and carious teeth enamel 249 with demineralisation measured to better than 0?2 g cm 23 . In materials science the technique has been used to measure the density variations across pressed and sintered powder metallurgy products, 250 the degradation of carbon-carbon composites 251 oxidised to different degrees over time, the reaction kinetics and morphological evolution mineral phases in cements.…”

Section: Density Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Maire¹,

Withers²

2013

International Materials Reviews

1,058

601

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X-ray computer tomography (CT) is fast becoming an accepted tool within the materials science community for the acquisition of 3D images. Here the authors review the current state of the art as CT transforms from a qualitative diagnostic tool to a quantitative one. Our review considers first the image acquisition process, including the use of iterative reconstruction strategies suited to specific segmentation tasks and emerging methods that provide more insight (e.g. fast and high resolution imaging, crystallite (grain) imaging) than conventional attenuation based tomography. Methods and shortcomings of CT are examined for the quantification of 3D volumetric data to extract key topological parameters such as phase fractions, phase contiguity, and damage levels as well as density variations. As a non-destructive technique, CT is an ideal means of following structural development over time via time lapse sequences of 3D images (sometimes called 3D movies or 4D imaging). This includes information needed to optimise manufacturing processes, for example sintering or solidification, or to highlight the proclivity of specific degradation processes under service conditions, such as intergranular corrosion or fatigue crack growth. Besides the repeated application of static 3D image quantification to track such changes, digital volume correlation (DVC) and particle tracking (PT) methods are enabling the mapping of deformation in 3D over time. Finally the use of CT images is considered as the starting point for numerical modelling based on realistic microstructures, for example to predict flow through porous materials, the crystalline deformation of polycrystalline aggregates or the mechanical properties of composite materials.

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Section: Density Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Maire¹,

Withers²

2013

International Materials Reviews

1,058

601

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“…In addition, these techniques offer the ability to separate out trabecular bone, which is eight times more metabolically active than cortical bone (5,(15)(16)(17)(18), and provide a direct measure of volumetric bone density (19). Currently, although reference data are available for peripheral quantitative CT measurements of the appendicular skeleton in children, normative data for the axial skeleton are lacking (20).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative CT Reference Values for Vertebral Trabecular Bone Density in Children and Young Adults

Gilsanz¹,

Pérez²,

Campbell³

et al. 2009

Radiology

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Purpose:To determine normative reference values for vertebral trabecular bone density (TBD) obtained by using quantitative computed tomography (CT) in healthy white children, teenagers, and young adults of both sexes. Materials and Methods:The data presented in this HIPAA-compliant study are a compilation of data from multiple investigations on the determinants of bone acquisition in healthy children conducted at this institution from 1992 to 2006. The institutional review board for clinical investigations approved the protocols for each of these studies, and written informed consent was provided by all parents and/or participants. Quantitative CT measurements of TBD (in milligrams per cubic centimeter) were obtained at the first, second, and third lumbar vertebrae in 1222 healthy white male and female subjects aged 5-21 years (mean age for male subjects, 15.1 years Ϯ 3.6 [standard deviation]; range, 5.6 -21.9 years; mean age for female subjects, 14.2 years Ϯ 3.9; range, 5.7-21.6 years; mean age for both sexes, 14.6 years Ϯ 3.8). Mean and standard deviations for TBD were determined for each age group in 1-year intervals, and Student t tests for unpaired data were performed to compare male subjects with female subjects. Results:TBD increased equally during growth in male and female subjects. Although the percentage increase in TBD was similar for both sexes (23.7% [57 of 241] for male subjects, 22.2% [54 of 243] for female subjects), the rise began and reached peak values at an earlier age in female subjects; increases in TBD occurred from 10 -15 years of age in female subjects, whereas in male subjects, these increases were not observed until age 12 years and were completed at 17 years. Conclusion:This study provides reference standards for quantitative CT bone measurements in children and young adults, which may aid in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pediatric metabolic bone disorders. Note: This copy is for your personal, non-commercial use only. To order presentation-ready copies for distribution to your colleagues or clients, use the Radiology Reprints form at the end of this article.M easurements of bone density during childhood are commonly obtained to assess the deficiencies in bone accumulation associated with a multitude of pediatric disorders. Moreover, the amount of bone that is gained during growth is an important determinant of the risk for osteoporosis later in life (1,2), and available data suggest that the genetic susceptibility to osteoporosis is detectable in childhood (3). Peak bone mass, a major determinant of the future risk of fractures in the elderly, is largely achieved by the end of sexual development (4).Because of its availability, minimal radiation exposure, and relative ease of use, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the most commonly employed quantitative radiologic method to assess bone mass at any age (5). The interpretation of DXA bone studies is considerably more challenging in children than in adults. Although reference data and diagnostic algorithms are avai...

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“…A dedicated forearm scanner was first described in the mid 1970s [16,17]. The photon source is 125 I and is mounted in a gantry with a sodium iodide scintillation detector.…”

Section: Quantitative Computed Tomography (Qct)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessment of Vertebral Strength and Vertebral Fracture Risk Assessed by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

Imai¹

2012

Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

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Quantification of Bone Mineralization Using Computed Tomography

Cited by 179 publications

References 0 publications

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Quantitative X-ray tomography

Quantitative CT Reference Values for Vertebral Trabecular Bone Density in Children and Young Adults

Ex Vivo and In Vivo Assessment of Vertebral Strength and Vertebral Fracture Risk Assessed by Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry

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