Quantification of Antioxidants by Using Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride: Application of the Method to Food and Medicinal Plant Samples

Abstract

Chlorpromazine hydrochloride (CPH) (3-(2-chloro-phenothiazine-10-yl)-propyl] dimethylamine hydrochloride) has been the subject of a large number of studies employing a broad spectrum of oxidants, and chosen to examine the course of electron transfer reactions. We report on a method to determine the antioxidant activity of some food and medicinal plants using the oxidation of CPH by chromium(VI) to form a stable CPH radical in the 1:1 orthophosphoric acid-ethyl alcohol (OPA-EtOH) medium. The pink color of the control solution was measured at λmax of 530 nm. Nine standard antioxidants have been studied by this method, along with the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The EC50, TEC50, antioxidant efficacy and the stoichiometric values for antioxidants have been evaluated. The radical scavenging activity expressed as EC50 ranged from 9.2 μg/mL in Camellia sinensis to 448.18 μg/mL in Cuminum cyminum. The application of a simple and versatile antioxidant capacity assay for dietary polyphenols and medicinal plant extracts, which are commonly used in Ayurveda opens its relevance in the field of antioxidant analysis.

Radical scavenging effects of 1-naphthol, 2-naphthol, and their sulfate-conjugates

“…CPZ, a neuroleptic drug used for treating schizophrenia, has been shown to form a stable cation radical under acidic conditions upon oxidization by chromium(IV) (Nagaraja et al, 2014) or Fe(III) (Miftode et al, 2010), and thus has been used for analyzing antioxidation capacity of electron transferring compounds. As shown in Fig.…”

“…The CPZ + radical scavenging activity was measured based on the method of Nagaraja et al (2014). Briefly, the reaction was started by the addition of 0.5 mM chromium(VI) solution (10 μL) to the pre-assay mixture (240 μL) containing varying concentrations of a test sample (12.5 μL), 10 mM CPZ dissolved in ethanol (20 μL), 1:1 phosphoric acid plus ethanol mixture (200 μL), and ethanol (7.5 μL).…”

“…Representative synthetic free radicals, including 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical (Blois, 1958), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation (ABTS + ) radical (Thaipong et al, 2006), and chlorpromazine cation (CPZ + ) radical (Nagaraja et al, 2014), were used as free radicals for the determination of antioxidative capacity of test samples. These free radical assays were chosen they have been shown to be particularly useful for examining the antioxidant effects of agricultural products as well as industrial phenolic compounds (Sugahara et al, 2015).…”

Measuring Number of Free Radicals and Evaluating the Purity of Di(phenyl)-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)iininoazaniuin [DPPH] Reagents by Effective Magnetic Moment Method

“…Owing to its stable nitrogen radical, di(phenyl)-(2,4,6trinitrophenyl)iminoazanium [DPPH, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, or, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl free radical] is commonly utilized in analytical chemistry to evaluate antioxidant activity with the aid of UV/visible photometers, EPR spectrometers, or other analytical instruments. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The reagents of DPPH are used as a standard for free radical content and other applications in titration, 17 dating for geometry, 18 solar cell, 19 and medical diagnosis. 20 Furthermore, DPPH has been also used as a standard of sweep field on EPR spectroscopy, 21,22 or as a test sample, for developing EPR-based measurement techniques in biochemistry, 23 solid state physics, 24,25 geometry, 26,27 and others.…”

Antioxidant Effects of Herbal Tea Leaves from Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius) on Multiple Free Radical and Reducing Power Assays, Especially on Different Superoxide Anion Radical Generation Systems

“…In this study, we report potential antioxidative properties of extracts prepared from commercial yacon tea leaves in different free radical models. Four representative synthetic free radicals, including 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical (Blois ), 2,2’‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) cation (ABTS + ) radical (Thaipong and others ), galvinoxyl radical (Shi and others ), and chlorpromazine cation (CPZ + ) radical (Nagaraja and others ), were used as valid and useful models for the discovery of antioxidative capacity of foodstuffs. In parallel, a reducing power assay using potassium hexacyanoferrate was performed.…”