Quantification of ageing of ultracapacitors during cycling tests with current profile characteristics of hybrid and electric vehicles applications

Novel experimental investigation of supercapacitor ageing during combined life-endurance and power-cycling tests

“…In the literature, several works on this subject have been done and they can be grouped in two main categories: a) life endurance (LE), also called life calendar test [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]; b) power-cycling test (PC) [7][8][9][10][11].…”

“…It should be underlined that the electrochemical reactions occurring during the ageing process of a SC, are partially reversible [4,10]. In this respect, in some works, a so-called regeneration, or regenerative, phase is observed if the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the T SC and/or the V SC is reduced during a LE test in comparison with their starting values; (ii) the I SC is reduced during a PC test in comparison with its starting value.…”

“…In this respect, in some works, a so-called regeneration, or regenerative, phase is observed if the following conditions are satisfied: (i) the T SC and/or the V SC is reduced during a LE test in comparison with their starting values; (ii) the I SC is reduced during a PC test in comparison with its starting value. With specific reference to PC tests, this phenomenon has been investigated in [9,10] and demonstrated to be of extreme importance in life assessment of SCs.…”

Modelling of current and temperature effects on supercapacitors ageing. Part I: Review of driving phenomenology

“…In this respect, it can be useful to investigate the ageing mechanism during combined LE and PC stress. Several works have already experimentally investigated the performances-fading of the SC during combined LE and PC test [12][13][14][15]. However, in these works the current delivered by the SC is in the same order of magnitude of the nominal current.…”

“…In order to indirectly quantify the SC ageing process, a large part of the literature focused on the assessment of the so-called equivalent series resistance (ESR) and capacitance (C SC ) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. The types of stresses proposed in these papers can be grouped in two main categories, namely: (a) life endurance (LE) (also called life calendar tests) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and (b) power-cycling (PC) stresses [10][11][12][13][14][15].…”