Quantification and genetic diversity of Hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted for domestic consumption in Central Italy

Pasquale, Simona Di; Santis, Paola De; Rosa, Giuseppina La; Domenico, Kevin Di; Iaconelli, Marcello; Micarelli, G.; Martini, E.; Bilei, Stefano; Medici, Dario De; Suffredini, Elisabetta

doi:10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.005

Cited by 44 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…More recently, the HEV-3a has also been described in Europe (Germany, Austria, Croatia, Hungary, and Belgium) (Reuter et al, 2009;Jemersic et al, 2019;Suin et al, 2019), although it can be considered still rare. In Italy, the HEV-3a has been recently described in wild boar (Di Pasquale et al, 2019) but it has never detected in other animal reservoirs. The Italian HEV-3a human and wild boar strains shared a limited nucleotide identity among them and with the other HEV-3a strains reported in Europe.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of HEV Genotype 3 in Italy at Human/Animal Interface

et al. 2020

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an emerging public health issue in industrialized countries. In the last decade the number of autochthonous human infections has increased in Europe. Genotype 3 (HEV-3) is typically zoonotic, being foodborne the main route of transmission to humans, and is the most frequently detected in Europe in both humans and animals (mainly pigs and wild boars). In Italy, the first autochthonous human case was reported in 1999; since then, HEV-3 has been widely detected in both humans and animals. Despite the zoonotic characteristic of HEV-3 is well established, the correlation between animal and human strains has been poorly investigated in Italy. In the present study, we compared the subtype distribution of HEV-3 in humans and animals (swine and wild boar) in the period 2000-2018 from Italy. The dataset for this analysis included a total of 96 Italian ORF2 sequences (300 nt long), including both NCBI databasederived (n = 64) and recent sequences (2016-2018, n = 32) obtained in this study. The results show that subtype 3f is the most frequent in humans and pigs, followed by the HEV-3e, HEV-3c and other unassignable HEV-3 strains. Diversely, in wild boar a wider group of HEV-3 subtypes have been detected, including HEV-3a, which has also been detected for the first time in a human patient in Central Italy in 2017, and a wide group of unassignable HEV-3 strains. The phylogenetic analysis including, besides Italian strains, also sequences from other countries retrieved from the NCBI database, indicated that human Italian sequences, in particular those of HEV-3f and HEV-3e, form significant clusters mainly with sequences of animal origin from the same country. Nevertheless, for HEV-3c, rarely detected in Italian pigs, human sequences from Italy are more correlated to human sequences from other European countries. Furthermore, clusters of nearidentical human strains identified in a short time interval in Lazio Region (Central Italy) can be recognized in the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that multiple infections originating from a common source have occurred, and confirming the importance of sequencing support to HEV surveillance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Characterization of HEV Genotype 3 in Italy at Human/Animal Interface

et al. 2020

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“…HEV RNA extraction from liver samples and detection by real-time RT-PCR were carried out by the National Reference Laboratory for Foodborne Viruses at Istituto Superiore di Sanit a as previously described (Di Pasquale et al, 2019). Briefly, 1 g of chopped tissue was digested by Trizol treatment as Szabo et al (2015) have recently shown, and RNA was extracted from the recovered supernatant using the MiniMag platform (bioMerieux, Marcy-l' Etoile, France).…”

Section: Hev Rna Extraction and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Italy, it was observed an active circulation of this virus probably related to a relatively high prevalence of HEV in domestic pigs and wild boar ( Di Pasquale et al., 2019 ; De Sabato et al., 2019 ; Romanò et al., 2011 ; Martinelli et al., 2011 ; Martelli et al., 2008 ). A recent national study in blood donors reported a great variation in the anti-HEV prevalence among the different Italian regions, with values from 2.2% to 22.8% ( Spada et al., 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogenetic analysis and epidemiological history of Hepatitis E virus 3f and 3c in swine and wild boar, Italy

Presti

Bruni

Villano

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Background Hepatitis E virus (HEV) genotype 3 has a worldwide distribution. The food-borne transmission of HEV associated with the consumption of products derived from domestic pig, wild boar has been reported in various countries. In this study the genetic diversity, evolutionary rates of HEV 3f, 3c among swine and wild boar in Italy were estimated. Methods Sampling was performed on a wild boar population living in an area located in Abruzzo region. The HEV RNA amplification was performed by real-time RT-PCR. Nested RT-PCR and sequencing of the ORF2 region were carried out by the Super Script III First-Strand Synthesis System. Sequencing of purified PCR products was carried out by the Genome Lab Dye Terminator Cycle Sequencing (DTCS) Quick Start Kit. The maximum likelihood trees were generated by using Phyml. The mean evolutionary rates and the dated trees were co-estimated by BEAST. Results The phylogenetic analysis showed that the HEV ORF2 isolates from Abruzzo region belonged to 3f subtype. The prevalent subtypes in Italy were those belonging to 3f and 3c. The estimated mean values of the HEV ORF2 capsid gene evolutionary rates were 1.915 × 10 −2 substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 1.64 × 10 −3 – 3.97 × 10 −2 ) and 2.81 × 10 −2 substitutions/site/year (1.83 × 10 −2 - 3.8 × 10 −2 ) for 3f and 3c subtype datasets, respectively. The HEV 3f dated back to 1985 (1960–2000), whereas the 3c subtype entered in Italy during the year 2006 (2005–2006). The majority of the HEV 3f sequences collected from swine didn't appear intermixed, except in two cases. The HEV 3c population circulating in Italy remained segregated without significant transfer to swine. Conclusion Our study provide insight into the evolution, circulation of HEV 3f and 3c in Italy. Continued genomic surveillance of HEV in animal reservoir, as well as improving sanitary control measures are required.

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“…Orthohepevirus A consists of the previously known genotype 1-4 and the newly recognized genotype 5-8. Genotype 1 and 2 are restricted to humans [11]; genotype 3 and 4 are zoonotic and have been detected in a wide spectrum of hosts, including monkey, pig, sheep, cow, wild boar, deer, rabbit, and mongoose [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]; genotype 5 and 6 are reported to infect only wild boars [2], with genotype 5 having the potential for zoonotic infection [23]; genotype 7 and 8 are isolated from camels, with a sole case report of human infection from genotype 7 [23,24]. Orthohepevirus B consists of avian HEV [2].…”

Section: Hev Taxonomy and Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

Lin

Zhang

2021

Viruses

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the causative agents for liver inflammation across the world. HEV is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. Human HEV strains mainly belong to four major genotypes in the genus Orthohepevirus A, family Hepeviridae. Among the four genotypes, genotype 1 and 2 are obligate human pathogens, and genotype 3 and 4 cause zoonotic infections. HEV infection with genotype 1 and 2 mainly presents as acute and self-limiting hepatitis in young adults. However, HEV infection of pregnant women with genotype 1 strains can be exacerbated to fulminant hepatitis, resulting in a high rate of case fatality. As pregnant women maintain the balance of maternal-fetal tolerance and effective immunity against invading pathogens, HEV infection with genotype 1 might dysregulate the balance and cause the adverse outcome. Furthermore, HEV infection with genotype 3 can be chronic in immunocompromised patients, with rapid progression, which has been a challenge since it was reported years ago. The virus has a complex interaction with the host cells in downregulating antiviral factors and recruiting elements to generate a conducive environment of replication. The virus-cell interactions at an early stage might determine the consequence of the infection. In this review, advances in HEV virology, viral life cycle, viral interference with the immune response, and the pathogenesis in pregnant women are discussed, and perspectives on these aspects are presented.

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Quantification and genetic diversity of Hepatitis E virus in wild boar (Sus scrofa) hunted for domestic consumption in Central Italy

Cited by 44 publications

References 83 publications

Molecular Characterization of HEV Genotype 3 in Italy at Human/Animal Interface

Molecular Characterization of HEV Genotype 3 in Italy at Human/Animal Interface

Phylogenetic analysis and epidemiological history of Hepatitis E virus 3f and 3c in swine and wild boar, Italy

Advances in Hepatitis E Virus Biology and Pathogenesis

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