Quantification and controls of oriented processes through affinity polymer membranes for the extraction and purification of lactic acid compound

Ionic Liquids and Activated Carbon: Effective Materials for the Sustainable Production of Fresh Water from Salt Effluents (BRINE)

“…The increase in the WV diffusion flux with temperature (Figure ) and the low activation energy E a (<50 kJ mol –1 ) indicate that the reaction between the WV molecule and the interaction site of the IL agent is a simple reaction (association/dissociation) by formation and decomposition of an unstable intermediate entity (WV-IL) ≠ (Figure S3), which orients and ensures better water vapor diffusion. Previous studies, carried out within our laboratory ,, confirm the described results and indicate that the molecules of water vapor move by a mechanism of jumps on the charged and oriented sites of the ionic liquid agents.…”

“…For the identification of functional groups present on the surface of the membranes, a JASCO FTIR-4600 spectrometer was used for these investigations at wavelengths ranging from 350 to 4000 cm –1 . For scanning electron microscopy measurements to observe the morphology of membrane surfaces and cross sections, a QEMSCAN (model E430) Zeiss EVO SEM device was used to perform these SEM measurements with magnifications ranging from 10 to 500,000. , Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is a technique that has been used to determine the elemental composition of the developed membranes and to confirm the insertion of agents incorporated into the polymer matrix. , The membrane surface was subjected to contact angle measurements to evaluate the hydrophobicity of the membranes by calculating the contact angle between a water drop (5 μL) and the membrane surface . A white light is used to illuminate the water drop, and using a digital camera, pictures are taken to show the changing contact angle of the water drop with the membrane surface.…”

“…Thermogravimetric analysis is a thermal technique used to study the thermal stability of a material by following the evolution of its mass within a precise temperature interval and a controlled environment . The measurements were carried out on a SHIMADZU DTG-60H device with a heating rate of 10 °C.min ‑1 for the temperature range 25–700 °C.…”

“…13,37 Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) is a technique that has been used to determine the elemental composition of the developed membranes and to confirm the insertion of agents incorporated into the polymer matrix. 35,38 The membrane surface was subjected to contact angle measurements to evaluate the hydrophobicity of the membranes by calculating the contact angle between a water drop (5 μL) and the membrane surface. 39 A white light is used to illuminate the water drop, and using a digital camera, pictures are taken to show the changing contact angle of the water drop with the membrane surface.…”

“…Thermogravimetric analysis is a thermal technique used to study the thermal stability of a material by following the evolution of its mass within a precise temperature interval and a controlled environment. 38 The measurements were carried out on a SHIMADZU DTG-60H device with a heating rate of 10 °C.min -1 for the temperature range 25−700 °C. The gravimetric relationship (eq 1) 13 was used to measure the porosity of membranes, by immersing membrane samples in water for 24 h. After removal of excess water from the surfaces, the impregnated samples are weighed and the masses are determined.…”