Quality of wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Özcan, Mehmet Musa; Rosa, Antonella; Dessì, Ma; Piras, Alessandra; Juhaimi, Fahad Al

doi:10.17221/172/2012-cjfs

Cited by 34 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The results show that the addition of ethanol to the supercritical CO 2 did not affect the fatty acid composition of the whole collected extract (SFE-K compared with SFE-KE). It can also be noted that the total concentrations of the three groups of fatty acids in the extracted oil were similar to those obtained by other investigators (Gomez et al, 2000;Jiang et al, 2011;Özcan et al, 2013;Eisenmenger and Dunford, 2008).…”

Section: Fatty Acid Compositionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition

Parczewska-Plesnar¹,

Brzozowski²,

Gwardiak³

et al. 2016

Grasas y Aceites

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SUMMARY:In this work, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) using CO 2 with ethanol as entrainer was performed at a temperature of 40 o C under a pressure of 21 MPa. For comparison, a similar extraction without the entrainer was carried out. The extraction yield of wheat germ using supercritical CO 2 with ethanol was slightly higher (10.7 wt%) than that of extraction without the entrainer (9.9 wt%). Fractions of SFE extracts were collected separately during the experiments and the composition of fatty acids in each fraction was analyzed. The SFE extracted oils were rich (63.4-71.3%) in the most valuable polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and their content in all collected fractions was approximately constant. Similar PUFA contents were found in the reference samples of oils extracted by n-hexane (66.2-67.0%), while the commercial cold-pressed oil contained significantly less PUFA (60.2%). These results show a higher nutritional value of the oil obtained by extraction with supercritical CO 2 than cold pressed oil which is generally considered to be very valuable. KEYWORDS:Entrainer; Extraction; Polyunsaturated fatty acids; Supercritical CO 2 ; Wheat germ oil RESUMEN: Aceite de germen de trigo obtenido mediante extracción con dióxido de carbono supercrítico con etanol: Composición en ácidos grasos. En este trabajo, la extracción con fluidos supercríticos (SFE) usando CO 2 con etanol como agente de arrastre se realizó a 40 °C bajo una presión de 21 MPa. Se ha llevado a cabo la comparación con una extracción similar sin agente de arrastre. El rendimiento de la extracción de germen de trigo usando CO 2 supercrítico con etanol fue ligeramente mayor (10,7% en peso) que la de extracción sin agente de arrastre (9,9% en peso). Se recogieron por separado fracciones de extractos SFE durante los experimentos y se analizó la composición de ácidos grasos en cada fracción. Los aceites extraídos mediante SFE eran ricos en los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados más valiosos (63,4-71,3%), (PUFA) y su contenido en todas las fracciones recogidas fue aproximadamente constante. Un contenido similar de PUFA fueron encontrados en muestras de referencia de los aceites extraídos con n-hexano (66,2-67,0%), mientras que el aceite prensado en frío comercial contenía significativamente menos PUFA (60,2%). Estos resultados muestran un mayor valor nutritivo del aceite obtenido por extracción con CO 2 supercrítico que el aceite prensado en frío que generalmente se considera que es muy valioso.

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Section: Fatty Acid Compositionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition

Parczewska-Plesnar¹,

Brzozowski²,

Gwardiak³

et al. 2016

Grasas y Aceites

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“…In a study , it was observed that WGO contains 56.5% linoleic acid, 20.0% palmitic acid, and 14.7% oleic acid in WGO. Özcan et al evaluated quality of WGO obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and found that the percentages of palmitic, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids were 15.89, 15.48, 54.88, and 7.34% of total fatty acids (cold pressed oil) and 16.50, 15.05, 54.79, and 7.29% of fatty acids (supercritical carbon dioxide extracted oil), respectively. The percentages of saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids were 17.15, 17.63, and 62.22% of total fatty acids in the cold‐pressed oils, but the proportions of those in oils extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide were 18.14, 17.58, and 62.08%, respectively.…”

Section: The Characteristics Composition and Bioactive Contents Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solvents used for WGO extraction are hexane, 1, 2‐dichloroethane, and ethanol. The catabolism of nutritionally important components of WGO can be minimized by avoiding higher extraction temperatures and by using techniques such as cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide assisted extraction . These techniques either avoid or reduce the use of extraction temperature that might be detrimental of heat sensitive nutrients .…”

Section: Extraction Of Wheat Germ Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study it was stated that germ constitutes about 2.5–3.5% of the kernel and its oil contents range between 10 and 15% , of which 2–6% are unsaponifiable matters , containing mainly phytosterol and tocopherol . The tocopherol content of WGO is the highest among vegetable oils; can reach up to 2500 mg/kg and α‐tocopherol (60%) is predominant . Phytosterols (mainly sitosterol and campesterol) contents of WGO are also generally higher than other commercial oils .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The consumption of these fatty acids is important for human health as they are considered as essential (cannot be synthesized in the organism). They also help in synthesis of a group of hormones called prostaglandins that are important for their role in muscle contractions and for anti‐inflammatory properties . WGO, due to its bioactive compounds, is associated with different nutritional and health benefits such as reduction of plasma and liver cholesterol levels, improving physical endurance and delaying aging effects.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nutritional composition, extraction, and utilization of wheat germ oil: A review

Ghafoor

Özcan

Juhaimi

et al. 2017

Euro J Lipid Sci & Tech

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Wheat germ is a by‐product of wheat milling from which wheat germ oil (WGO) can be obtained using different techniques. For a better quality WGO, techniques such supercritical fluid fractionation, molecular distillation, and other innovative methods can be adopted. WGO is composed of nonpolar lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids, alcohols, esters, alkene, aldehydes, tocopherols, n‐alkanols, sterols, 4‐methyl sterols, triterpenols, hydrocarbons, pigments, and volatile components. The most abundant WGO fatty acid is linoleic acid which composes 42–59% of total triglycerides followed by palmitic (16:0) and oleic acids (18:1). The stearic acid, a saturated fatty acid, is usually less than 2%. WGO is rich in tocopherols particularly vitamin E. It contains α‐tocopherol and β‐tocopherol which gives various health benefits to it. It is being used in medicine, cosmetic, agricultural, and food industry. Some of its applications include production of vitamins and food supplements, animal feed and biological insect control and for treating circulatory/cardiac disorders and weaknesses. More studies are required for producing better quality WGO such as application of more innovative and optimized techniques that can increase its health benefits and hence utilization. More mechanistic approaches for extraction, evaluation, and utilization of WGO can help in making this by‐product of wheat processing more valuable. Practical application: Wheat is a major food crop around the globe and produced and processed in large quantities. Its by‐products such as wheat germ can be used to obtain value added products. Oil obtained from wheat germ is found to be a good source of various nutritionally beneficial constituents and carry important health benefits and functional properties. The review will help researchers to carry out further research to improve processing and the quality of oil besides emphasizing on its beneficial aspects. It will also assist in better utilization of this wheat by‐product to develop value added products and nutraceuticals after carrying out further studies. Wheat germ oil is a valuable by‐product from wheat grain which is a good source of important nutraceuticals such as α‐ and β‐tocopherol. Extraction of this oil from wheat germ is important for the effective utilization of its various potential nutraceuticals that have reported health benefits. This review also explains detailed chemical composition, processing, functional activities, and potential utilization of wheat germ oil.

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Progress in Supercritical Fluid Technology for Fats and Oils Processing

Temelli

Güçlü‐Üstündağ

Couto

2020

Bailey's Industrial Oil and Fat Products

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Supercritical CO 2 (SC‐CO 2 ) processing of fats and oils has been widely investigated since SC‐CO 2 offers an environmentally friendly alternative with added advantages such as moderate operating conditions and solvent‐free extracts and residues. From a processing perspective, a unique advantage of SC‐CO 2 processing lies in its versatility, which results from the ability to modify solvent properties by changing operating conditions (temperature and pressure) or by the addition of cosolvents. A good understanding of the fundamentals of solubility behavior of lipid components in SC‐CO 2 as affected by operating conditions and solute properties is required to realize its full potential in fats and oils processing. The operational flexibility offered by supercritical fluid technology enables the processor to fine‐tune solvent properties and to develop novel processes by the integration of unit operations of extraction, fractionation, reaction, and particle formation to meet the process objectives. These unit operations have been effectively utilized for the extraction and refining of oils, concentration of bioactive components from oils or oil by‐products, modification of the physical properties of fats and oils, production of oleochemicals and design of delivery systems for numerous applications.

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Quality of wheat germ oil obtained by cold pressing and supercritical carbon dioxide extraction

Cited by 34 publications

References 18 publications

Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition

Wheat germ oil extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide with ethanol: Fatty acid composition

Nutritional composition, extraction, and utilization of wheat germ oil: A review

Progress in Supercritical Fluid Technology for Fats and Oils Processing

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