“…Based on previous reports, LOPD was defined as the PD patient older than 45 years old at the time of first diagnosis (González-Del Rincón et al, 2013 ). Clinical assessments include Hoehn-Yahr (H-Y) staging; the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) (Martinez-Martin et al, 2015 ); Non-Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) (Martinez-Martin et al, 2009 ); 39-item Parkinson's disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) (Galeoto et al, 2018 ); Sniffin' Sticks-16 (SS-16) (Chen et al, 2015 ); Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) (Kummer et al, 2010 ); Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) (Kummer et al, 2010 ); Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) (Lin et al, 2016 ); Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder Questionnaire-Hong Kong Version (RBD-HK) (Shen et al, 2014 ); Parkinson's disease Sleep Scale (PDSS) (Selvaraj and Keshavamurthy, 2016 ); Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) (Fu et al, 2017 ); Epworth Sleeping Scale (ESS) (Ataide et al, 2014 ); Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's disease-Autonomic Questionnaire (SCOPA-AUT) (Visser et al, 2004 ); Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Beijing Version (Hoops et al, 2009 ). Disease-related changes in non-motor function, activity of daily living (ADL), and motor function were assessed with MDS-UPDRS parts 1, 2, and 3.…”