OBJECTIVE -Within the context of a large, nationwide outcomes research program in type 2 diabetes, we assess the prevalence of self-reported erectile dysfunction and evaluate its impact on quality of life.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS -The study involved 1,460 patients enrolled by 114 diabetes outpatient clinics and 112 general practitioners. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire investigating their ability to achieve and maintain an erection. Various aspects of quality of life were also assessed depressive using the following instruments: SF-36 Health Survey, diabetes health distress, psychological adaptation to diabetes, depressive symptoms (CES-D scale), and quality of sexual life.RESULTS -Overall, 34% of the patients reported frequent erectile problems, 24% reported occasional problems, and 42% reported no erectile problems. After adjusting for patient characteristics, erectile dysfunction was associated with higher levels of diabetes-specific health distress and worse psychological adaptation to diabetes, which were, in turn, related to worse metabolic control. Erectile problems were also associated with a dramatic increase in the prevalence of severe depressive symptoms, lower scores in the mental components of the SF-36, and a less satisfactory sexual life. A total of 63% of the patients reported that their physicians had never investigated their sexual problems.CONCLUSIONS -Erectile dysfunction is extremely common among type 2 diabetic patients and is associated with poorer quality of life, as measured with generic and diabetes-specific instruments. Despite their relevance, sexual problems are seldom investigated by general practitioners and specialists.
Diabetes Care 25:284 -291, 2002E rectile dysfunction (ED) is a common complication of diabetes; the reported prevalence ranges from 35 to 70% (1-8). In the Massachusetts Male Aging Study (9), the age-adjusted probability of complete impotence was three times greater (28%) in patients with treated diabetes than in those without diabetes (9.6%). In addition to its higher frequency, ED also occurs at an earlier age in the diabetic population as compared with the general population (1-10) and is often related to duration and severity of diabetes (4,5,8).Although psychogenic factors, such as performance distress, can contribute to its etiology, ED in diabetic patients is mainly related to organic causes, such as vasculogenic and neurological abnormalities (11,12). The presence of a normal sexual desire and the inability to physically act on that desire can affect patients' lives in different ways, including disorders in interpersonal relationships, interference with sexual life, problems with partners, and increase in mental stress, making ED a major quality of life (QoL) issue (13). Recent pharmacological advances have stimulated a great interest in ED, generating new data concerning its prevalence (4,5,(7)(8)(9)14), treatment (15,16), and costs (17,18). Nevertheless, even in randomized clinical trials, little attention has been given to QoL. Instead...