Quality of Experience-Aware Event Synchronization for Distributed Virtual Worlds

Krammer, Laura; Schiele, Gregor; Koch, D.; Becker, Christian

doi:10.1109/icpads.2012.87

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Game designers can change the design of their DVEs, by reducing or limiting the chance that users are controlling avatars in the shared-zones (e.g., the border of each sub-map can be designed to be uninteresting to players). Moveover, game designers can adopt multiple levels of consistency-control protocols for different scenarios [Krammer et al 2012 protocols can be used for important scenarios, such as trading, which require strong consistency, whereas weak consistency protocols can be used for less important scenarios, such as avatar movement. We discuss next two possible solutions, the two-phase commit protocol and dead-reckoning.…”

Section: Implications and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…STM may have high overheads and transaction abort rates; thus, fine tuning of transactions and even redesign of game logic are needed. [Zhang and Kemme 2011] and [Krammer et al 2012] use different consistency protocols for different events. [Tang and Zhou 2010] use multiple update frequencies for avatars to improve time-space consistency.…”

Section: Consistency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Area of Simulation

Shen

Iosup

et al. 2015

ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl.

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Although Multi-Avatar Distributed Virtual Environments (MAVEs) such as Real-Time Strategy (RTS) games entertain daily hundreds of millions of online players, their current designs do not scale. For example, even popular RTS games such as the StarCraft series support in a single game instance only up to 16 players and only a few hundreds of avatars loosely controlled by these players, which is a consequence of the Event-Based Lockstep Simulation (EBLS) scalability mechanism they employ. Through empirical analysis, we show that a single Area of Interest (AoI), which is a scalability mechanism that is sufficient for single-avatar virtual environments (such as Role-Playing Games), also cannot meet the scalability demands of MAVEs. To enable scalable MAVEs, in this work we propose Area of Simulation (AoS), a new scalability mechanism, which combines and extends the mechanisms of AoI and EBLS. Unlike traditional AoI approaches, which employ only update-based operational models, our AoS mechanism uses both event-based and updatebased operational models to manage not single, but multiple areas of interest. Unlike EBLS, which is traditionally used to synchronize the entire virtual world, our AoS mechanism synchronizes only selected areas of the virtual world. We further design an AoS-based architecture, which is able to use both our AoS and traditional AoI mechanisms simultaneously, dynamically trading-off consistency guarantees for scalability. We implement and deploy this architecture and we demonstrate that it can operate with an order of magnitude more avatars and a larger virtual world without exceeding the resource capacity of players' computers.

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Section: Implications and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consistency Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Area of Simulation

Shen

Iosup

et al. 2015

ACM Trans. Multimedia Comput. Commun. Appl.

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“…State needs to be replicated for many users to see, and game state changes not only due to user-initiated actions but also with the advance of in-game time [18]. Although early work exists on the consistency-scalability tradeoff, such as using dead-reckoning [19] and distributed transactions [20], and varying consistency by scenario [21], we believe this challenge remains open.…”

Section: Challenges and Opportunities In Virtual-world Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Massivizing online games using cloud computing: A vision

Iosup

Shen

Guo

et al. 2014

2014 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops (ICMEW)

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Online gaming, a large market with hundreds of millions of active players, is still struggling to scale without risky investments in infrastructure. In this work, we propose a cloudbased platform to massivize online gaming-the challenges and opportunities of scaling on-demand, while paying only for what is used. We discuss the major aspects of cloud-based gaming, virtual-world management, game-data processing, and game-content generation.

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Massivizing Networked Virtual Environments on Clouds

Shen¹

2015

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Quality of Experience-Aware Event Synchronization for Distributed Virtual Worlds

Cited by 3 publications

References 20 publications

Area of Simulation

Area of Simulation

Massivizing online games using cloud computing: A vision

Massivizing Networked Virtual Environments on Clouds

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