Quality of cocaine seized in 1997 in the street-drug market of São Paulo city, Brazil

Carvalho, Dermeval de; Mı́dio, Antônio Flávio

doi:10.1590/s1516-93322003000100007

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…To imitate its effects, adulterants are often molecules with similar pharmacological, sensorial and physical-chemical properties as those of the main drug. Diluents are organic or inorganic compounds with no significant pharmacological properties, intentionally added to the street-drug sample to increase the volume and weight of the final product [3]. Illicit samples of cocaine are rarely pure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These methods, known collectively as ambient MS methods, have become also attractive alternatives in forensic analysis since they require no sample preparation or pre-separation. Key examples of these techniques are desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) [1][2][3][4][7][8][9][10][11], direct analysis in real time (DART) [8][9][10][11][12], extractive electrospray ionization (EESI), desorption at-mospheric-pressure photoionisation (DAPPI), atmospheric solids analysis probe (ASAP) [13], desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI), electrospray-assisted laser desorption ionization (ELDI) [14], and easy ambient sonic spray ionization (EASI) [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Analysis of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine via Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled to Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sabino

o²,

Sodré³

et al. 2011

AJAC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cocaine and crack cocaine are usually seized with a great diversity of adulterants, such as benzocaine, lidocaine, caffeine, and procaine. The forensic identification of cocaine in these drug mixtures is normally performed using colorimetric testing kits, but these tests may suffer from interferences providing false-positive or false-negatives. In this work, we describe the use of thin layer chromatography coupled to easy sonic-spray ambient ionization mass spectrometry (TLC/EASI-MS) for rapid and secure analysis of cocaine and crack cocaine. Fifteen cocaine samples were analyzed, and all of them revealed positive TLC/EASI-MS results for cocaine, but other drugs and adulterants were also detected such as lidocaine, caffeine, benzocaine, lactose, benzoylecgonine, and ecgonidine. False positives and false negatives, as judged by the TLC Rf values, were identified via on-spot characterization by EASI-MS. The TLC/EASI-MS combination seems therefore to provide an appropriate technique for secure forensic investigations of illicit drugs

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine via Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled to Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Sabino

o²,

Sodré³

et al. 2011

AJAC

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…1 In addition to the adulterants, seized cocaine samples may also contain diluents or cutting agents, such as lactose, glucose, carbonates/bicarbonates, silicates, starch and sulfates. 3 Another important chemical aspect is that cocaine may be trafficked and used as salt (cocaine hydrochloride) or as base (coca paste, free base, merla or crack). The base is soluble in ethyl ether, insoluble in water and volatile, making it appropriate for smoking, while the cocaine salt is soluble in water, insoluble in ether and decomposes if smoked directly, being used preferably intravenously or snorted.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of seized cocaine samples by using chemometric methods and FTIR spectroscopy

Rodrigues¹,

Cardoso²,

Andrade³

et al. 2013

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma metodologia quimiométrica para descrever o perfil químico de amostras de cocaína apreendidas no estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil). A identificação de adulterantes e a quantificação do teor de cocaína foram feitas por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Espectros de 91 amostras foram obtidos por espectroscopia no infravermelho usando refletância total atenuada (ATR-FTIR), e utilizados na construção de um modelo de análise de componentes principais (PCA). A primeira componente principal (PC1) discriminou as amostras de maior pureza das mais diluídas/adulteradas, nas quais foram identificadas lidocaína, cafeína e benzocaína. PC2 discriminou a forma química da cocaína, cloridrato ou base. Além disso, dois modelos supervisionados discriminantes (mínimos quadrados parciais para análise discriminante, PLS-DA) foram desenvolvidos para classificar as amostras em função de sua diluição (abaixo e acima de 15% m/m) e de sua forma química, apresentando taxas de acerto que variaram entre 83 e 97%. Os modelos de classificação constituem uma ferramenta simples, rápida e não destrutiva, de grande valor para peritos forenses e investigadores criminais.The aim of this article was to develop a chemometric methodology for determining the chemical profile of cocaine samples seized in Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The adulterant detection and the cocaine determination were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Spectra of 91 samples were obtained by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and used to build an exploratory principal component analysis (PCA) model. The first principal component (PC1) discriminated samples of more purity from the more diluted/adulterated ones, which were characterized by the presence of lidocaine, caffeine and benzocaine. PC2 discriminated the two chemical forms of cocaine, hydrochloride and base. In addition, two supervised discriminant partial least-squares models (partial least-squares discriminant analysis, PLS-DA) were developed for classifying the samples according to dilution (above and below 15% m/m) and chemical form, with a rate of success that varied between 83 and 97%. The classification models constitute a simple, rapid and non-destructive tool, of great value for both forensic experts and criminal investigators. Keywords: illicit drugs, MID infrared, principal component analysis, cocaine, chemometrics IntroductionCocaine is an alkaloid extracted from plants of the genera Erythroxylum (E. novagranatense and E. coca). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) considers cocaine, after heroin, the second most problematic drug worldwide in terms of negative health consequences and probably the most problematic drug in terms of trafficking-related violence. Estimates suggest that 440 t of pure cocaine were consumed in the world in 2009, which would be in line with a total production estimate of 1,111 t, wholesale purity-adjusted seizures Analysis of Seized Cocain...

show abstract

“…Esses aditivos aumentam ainda mais o risco à saúde dos mesmos, são importantes dentro do processo de transformação e contribuem em trabalhos de investigação podendo apontar o local que a droga fora elaborada [18].…”

Section: Principais Adulterantes E Diluentesunclassified

Abordagens metodológicas que auxiliam na identificação química da cocaína apreendida no Brasil

Freitas¹,

Silva²,

Barbosa³

2017

Rev. Bras. Crimin.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ResumoO tráfico de drogas proscritas no Brasil tem aumentado consideravelmente. Um dos reflexos desse crescimento se dá pelo quantitativo apreendido pelos órgãos de segurança pública de drogas sintéticas, canabinóides e, em sua maioria, por cocaína. O Brasil encontra-se geograficamente localizado em uma área onde o cultivo de espécies da família Erythroxylaceae é beneficiado, além disso, faz fronteiras com os principais países produtores de cocaína no mundo, o que dificulta, sobremaneira, o combate ao seu tráfico. As polícias federal e civil têm identificado, constantemente, novos fornecedores e novos locais de refino de cocaína, logo, a identificação das rotas de tráfico, origem geográfica e dos seus distribuidores torna-se cada vez mais complexa exigindo dos órgãos de segurança pública e da comunidade forense em geral um melhor aprimoramento de suas metodologias de identificação e quantificação, de forma a fornecerem informações conclusivas para o combate ao seu tráfico. Assim, nesse trabalho, foram aval iadas as principais abordagens metodológicas que contribuem para a elucidação da identificação das amostras de cocaína apreendida no país.Palavras-Chave: Erythroxylum coca; Cocaína; Perfil químico. AbstractThe trafficking of banned drugs in Brazil has increased considerably. One of the consequences of this growth is the quantitative seized by public security organs of synthetic drugs, cannabinoids and, mostly cocaine. The Brazil is geographically located i n an area where the cultivation of Erythroxylaceae family species is benefited, moreover, it borders with major cocaine-producing countries in the world, making it difficult, exceedingly, combating their trafficking. The federal and civil polices have identified, constantly, new suppliers and new cocaine refining sites, so the identification of trafficking routes, geographical origin and its distributors becomes increasingly complex requiring law enforcement agencies and forensic community in general a better improvement of its identification and quantification methodologies in order to provide conclusive information to combat its trafficking. Thus, this study is intended to assess the main methodological approaches that contribute to the elucidation of the identification of cocaine samples seized in the country.

show abstract

Quality of cocaine seized in 1997 in the street-drug market of São Paulo city, Brazil

Cited by 6 publications

References 7 publications

Analysis of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine via Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled to Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Analysis of Cocaine and Crack Cocaine via Thin Layer Chromatography Coupled to Easy Ambient Sonic-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry

Analysis of seized cocaine samples by using chemometric methods and FTIR spectroscopy

Abordagens metodológicas que auxiliam na identificação química da cocaína apreendida no Brasil

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About