“…To normalize pain assessments across the two methods of documentation, the number of minutes of moderate to severe postoperative pain was calculated for each group. Following a rating system used by previous authors, numerical pain scores ≥4 were categorized as moderate to severe pain (12). Verbal pain assessments categorized as moderate to severe included severe, hurts, frowning, crying, medium, lots, moderate, bad, grimace, yes, pain, increased, really bad, and sore .…”