Quality characterization and pollution source identification of surface water using multivariate statistical techniques, Nalagarh Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India

Abstract

Sirsa River flows through the central part of the Nalagarh valley, belongs to the rapid industrial belt of Baddi, Barotiwala and Nalagarh (BBN). The appraisal of surface water quality to ascertain its utility in such ecologically sensitive areas is need of the hour. The present study envisages the application of multivariate analysis, water utility class and conventional graphical representation to reveal the hidden factor responsible for deterioration of water quality and determine the hydrochemical facies and its evolution processes of water types in Nalagarh valley, India. The quality assessment is made by estimating pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, major ions (Na ? and K ? ions for pre monsoon and EC during pre and post monsoon at few sites and approx 40% samples of BOD and TC for both seasons exceeds the permissible limits indicate organic contamination from human activities. Water quality classification for designated use indicates that maximum surface water samples are not suitable for drinking water source without conventional treatment. The result of piper trillinear and Chadha's diagram classified majority of surface water samples for both seasons fall in the fields of Ca 2? -Mg 2? -HCO 3 -water type indicating temporary hardness. PCA and CA reveal that the surface water chemistry is influenced by natural factors such as weathering of minerals, ion exchange processes and anthropogenic factors. Thus, the present paper illustrates the importance of multivariate techniques for reliable quality characterization of surface water quality to develop effective pollution reduction strategies and maintain a fine balance between the industrialization and ecological integrity.,

Integrated GIS-based modelling approach for irrigation water quality suitability zonation in parts of Satluj River Basin, Bist Doab region, North India

“…13). About 90.3% groundwater samples that had carbonate hardness (secondary alkalinity) exceed 50%, as indicated by temporary hardness, it may be due to the weathering of the silicates in the study area [27], whereas 8.1% samples showed permanent hardness and secondary salinity (non-carbonate hardness), thus supporting the results of IWQZ. Among cations, 79% samples fall in no dominance zone of the cation triangle and 17.7% samples showed Mg 2+ type of water.…”

“…In India, various researchers have stated groundwater pollution by nitrate due to agrarian practices, soil contamination by the indiscriminate use of agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) and irrigation water quality [1,2,4,33,35,38,61,65]. Uncontrolled groundwater mining, leaching of agrochemicals to the aquifers and ill agricultural practices have resulted in the pollution of the groundwater [27,61]. It has, therefore, become crucial to evaluate the present groundwater quality scenario and its suitability for irrigational purposes for the efficient management of the groundwater resources in the region.…”

Water Quality Assessment in Karaboğaz Stream Basin (Turkey) from a Multi-Statistical Perspective

“…In terms of sulphide is Class III (<10 mg L −1 ) [21,22]. The amount of sulphide in the Kuruçay stream has been identified higher than that of Karaboğaz Stream [35].…”

“…Analytical data have been standardized with z-scale to avoid misclassification owing to large differences in data intensities [33,35]. In this study, eigenvalues >1 are significant and factors with eigenvalues ≥1 are considered as possible inventory sources in the data, with the highest eigenvector sum being given the highest priority.…”

Evaluating Spatial and Temporal Variation in Tuzaklı Pond Water Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis

“…Additionally, these techniques provide reliable results while evaluating the water recycling strategies, while assesing the risk in waste water management and while assessing the groundwater hydrology and chemistry [16][17][18].…”