Quality by Design for Optimizing a Novel Liposomal Jojoba Oil-Based Emulgel to Ameliorate the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Brucine

Abstract

One of the recent advancements in research is the application of natural products in developing newly effective formulations that have few drawbacks and that boost therapeutic effects. The goal of the current exploration is to investigate the effect of jojoba oil in augmenting the anti-inflammatory effect of Brucine natural alkaloid. This is first development of a formulation that applies Brucine and jojoba oil int a PEGylated liposomal emulgel proposed for topical application. Initially, various PEGylated Brucine liposomal formulations were fabricated using a thin-film hydration method. (22) Factorial design was assembled using two factors (egg Phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol concentrations) and three responses (particle size, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release). The optimized formula was incorporated within jojoba oil emulgel. The PEGylated liposomal emulgel was inspected for its characteristics, in vitro, ex vivo and anti-inflammatory behaviors. Liposomal emulgel showed a pH of 6.63, a spreadability of 48.8 mm and a viscosity of 9310 cP. As much as 40.57% of Brucine was released after 6 h, and drug permeability exhibited a flux of 0.47 µg/cm2·h. Lastly, % of inflammation was lowered to 47.7, which was significant effect compared to other formulations. In conclusion, the anti-inflammatory influence of jojoba oil and Brucine was confirmed, supporting their integration into liposomal emulgel as a potential nanocarrier.

Enhancement of Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Optimized Niosomal Colchicine Loaded into Jojoba Oil-Based Emulgel Using Response Surface Methodology

“…The present investigation offers strong confirmation about the improved permeation and enhanced effect of topical formulation incorporating jojoba oil and colchicine in niosomal emulgel and proposing a synergistic effect between them. The prospective of jojoba oil in lowering inflammation was confirmed earlier in our study that exhibited the synergism between jojoba oil and brucine as anti-inflammatory when incorporated into liposomal emulgel formulation [ 45 ].…”

“…Niosomal formulation was added into Amicon ® ultra-4 (Ultracel-10K) and adjusted to be centrifuged at 6000 rpm using centrifuge (Andreas Hettich GmbH, Co.KG, Tuttlingen, Germany) while keeping the temperature at 4 °C for 1 h. The concentration of the free un-entrapped drug in the filtrate was measured spectrophotometrically at 350 nm (U.V. Spectrophotometer, JENWAY 6305) [ 45 ]. The entrapment efficiency of the drug was calculated by subtracting the amount of un-entrapped drug from the theoretical total drug added that was calculated using the following equation: Entrapment efficiency (%) = [(AT − AF)/AT] × 100 where AF is the amount of the free un-entrapped colchicine and AT is the total amount of colchicine added.…”

Experimental Design and Optimization of Nano-Transfersomal Gel to Enhance the Hypoglycemic Activity of Silymarin

“…Vesicle size of the optimized transfersomal vesicles was carried out using Zetasizer apparatus (Mastersizer 2000 version 5.22, Malvern Instruments Ltd., Worcestershire, UK). The dynamic light scattering technique was utilized for assessing the particle size of the formulations [ 5 , 19 ].…”

“…Due to the merits of small particle size, better drug retention, along with their targeting ability, nano-formulations have been considered ideal TDDSs. Accordingly, many approaches have been adopted to enhance the transdermal delivery of bioactive agents using nanoparticulate drug delivery systems, such as liposomes [ 5 ], transfersomes, ethosomes [ 6 ], dendrimers and microemulsions [ 7 ]. Liposomes as one of the transdermal delivery systems have been studied since the 1980s and have attracted a lot of interest.…”

“…Nevertheless, because experimental runs are costly in terms of both time and money, it is important to keep the number of runs to a minimum while still achieving the required results. To achieve this, some techniques such as Box–Behnken (BB) [ 17 ], full factorial, central composite designs [ 5 ] are widely employed. Optimization with factorial designs and response surface analysis are effective approaches for minimizing the time required for the development of pharmaceutical dosage forms and improving research output [ 17 ].…”