Quality assessment on some soaps sold in Nigeria

Idoko, O; Emmanuel, S.; Salau, A.A.; Obigwa, P.A.

doi:10.4314/njt.v37i4.37

Cited by 16 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Healthy skin has a pH of 5.4 to 5.9 [26]. Generally, pH values obtained in this work were slightly higher than those obtained by [20] but, similar to what [6] obtained. Further, the values obtained in this probe were above the BIS stipulated range of (7 -10).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…The TFM values for Lux (74.5% ± 1.22%), Dettol (65.40% ± 1.06%) and Lifebuoy (63.40% ± 0.90%) obtained in this work were lower than those obtained by [20] whose values were as follows; Lux (85.10 ± 0.01), Dettol (100 ± 0.00) and Lifebuoy (87.23 ± 0.04) [20]. On the other hand, values for Lux and Dettol obtained in the current undertaking were significantly higher than those obtained by [6] for which Lux total fatty matter was 35.00% and for Dettol was 15%. The discrepancy could be due to different methods of analysis or method of soap production in different regions; however, this was not confirmed.…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 74%

“…This salt of the fatty acid is precipitated out and is what is known as soap [10] [11]. The soap is then dried and pressed into bars (in the case of hard soap) [6]. Fat/oil + NaOH/KOH → glycerol + sodium/potassium salt of fatty acid [12] Two forms of soap are obtained from the process depending on the alkali used.…”

Section: The Nature Of Soap and Its Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Properties on Selected Commercially Available Soaps on the Zambian Market

Mwanza¹,

Zombe²

2020

OALib

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The Zambian market has witnessed an impressive upsurge in the production and consumption of a variety of soaps in recent years. However, there is scant, if any, knowledge of the quality and safety of these soaps. In this undertaking, the quality of some selected soaps was evaluated. The soap samples were randomly obtained from various supermarkets. The qualities of soaps were assessed based on the following physicochemical parameters: free caustic alkali (FCA), moisture content (MC), total fatty matter (TFM), pH and total alkali content (TAC). Upon analysis, a variation in these physicochemical properties was observed. Percent MC ranged between 6.70% ± 0.06% and 18.13% ± 0.13%. Solo and Yebo recorded the highest MC. The pH values ranged from 10.70 ± 0.02 to 12.23% ± 0.01%. Yet again, Yebo had the highest pH followed by Solo and then Romeo. The TAC was between 2.00% ± 0.06% to 2.40% ± 0.01% and FCA values were from 0.00 to 0.021% ± 0.00%. Romeo had the highest TAC value (2.40% ± 0.01%) followed by Dettol (2.31% ± 0.05%). Only Solo and Yebo showed some traces of FCA. On the other hand, TFM values ranged from 51.60% ± 0.60% to 78.15% ± 1.66%. Romeo recorded the highest TFM value (78.15% ± 1.66%) and Yebo recorded the lowest (51.60% ± 0.60%). On average, most soaps analysed herein were of fairly acceptable quality and are fit for use.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 74%

Section: The Nature Of Soap and Its Manufacturing Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Properties on Selected Commercially Available Soaps on the Zambian Market

Mwanza¹,

Zombe²

2020

OALib

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“…However, these levels were higher than the acceptable limits of free caustic alkali set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (≤0.05). This free caustic alkali levels reported in this study were also higher than the findings of earlier workers ( Mak-Mensah and Firempong, 2011 ; Warra, 2013 ; Beetseh and Anza, 2013 ; Idoko et al., 2018 ). In a bid to increasing the mildness of the soaps, the body effects of the high free caustic alkali of the studied soaps could be reduced by adding humectants such as propylene glycol, glycerol and so on to the soap and/or using inorganic polyprotic acids such as phosphoric acid as a preservative for the finished product ( Woollatt 1985 ; Nangbes et al., 2014 ).…”

Section: Resultscontrasting

confidence: 51%

Comparative chemical analysis of Indigenous Nigerian soaps with conventional ones

Oyekunle

Ore

Ogunjumelo

et al. 2021

Heliyon

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This study compared the chemical properties of the indigenous Nigerian soaps with the conventional soaps in order to determine whether or not they met acceptable standards. The locally made soaps were obtained from markets in Ile-Ife, Osun State and Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria. The soap samples were acid digested and trace metals (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, and Hg) in the digested samples were profiled using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Documented techniques were adopted to analyze the soaps for pH, moisture content, free fatty acid, chloride content, free caustic alkali, matters insoluble in water and ethanol. The margin of safety (MoS) and hazard index (HI) associated with the use of the soaps were also evaluated. The locally made soaps had higher physicochemical properties than the conventional soaps. Mercury (Hg) had the highest concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 106.50 ± 0.23–273.58 ± 0.49 μg/g and 46.35 ± 0.22–55.12 ± 0.65 μg/g in the conventional soaps, while Cd had the least concentration in the locally made soaps ranging from 2.95 ± 0.45–6.05 ± 0.60 μg/g and 2.88 ± 0.11–5.20 ± 0.60 μg/g in the conventional soaps. Although highly mercuric soaps are known to kill bacteria and fungi, the observed MoS (<100) and HI (>1) indicated that the soaps might be safe if only restricted to occasional use by adults and children. A careful preliminary investigation and selection of the raw materials used in the production of indigenous soaps should be considered a necessary step.

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“…Furthermore, most commercial soaps are produced with low quality due to the use of low quality oils that contain non-saponifiable fatty acids ( Idoko et al, 2018 ). With unsaponified fatty acids, the quality of the produced soap could be lowered below the maximum accepted levels set by the international standard authorities for the quality soap.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative and qualitative assessment on the suitability of seed oil from water plant (Trichilia emetica) for soap making

Nchimbi

2020

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Despite widespread and its local available as a naturalized hedge and shade plant, the potential of Trichilia emetica was not utilized in soap making by the majority of local community in various parts of Dodoma, Tanzania. This study aimed to assess the quantity (yields) and quality (Acid Values (AVs), %Free Fatty Acids (%FFAs) and Saponification Values (SVs) of seed oil from water plant ( T. emetica ), suitable for soap making application. Solvent extraction method was used during oil extraction, where by 50gm of preheated and powdered seed materials were immersed in 250 ml of n-hexane in 1:5 (w/v) to dissolve the oil contained in the seed cake. The oil was collected by vaporizing solvent out through Rotary evaporation at 60 °C. Also standard titration methods were used to obtain SVs, AVs and %FFAs of the extracted oil. Results showed that T. emetica seeds contained higher quantity of oil (48.4%−50.2%) than many reported commercial plant seed oils. Also, the study found higher AV (7.4 mgKOH/g−7.8 mgKOH/g), %FFA (3.7% to 3.9%) and SVs (189.5 mgKOH/g − 191.4 mgKOH/g) than the maximum acceptable limits of 0.50 mg KOH/g, 0.020% and 175 mgKOH/g − 187 mgKOH/g prescribed by ASTM standards (2002). The obtained results showed that, T. emetica seeds yielded high oil quantity with low qualities due to higher levels of acidity. But high SVs guarantees the possibility of using T. emetica seed oil in soap making. However, the oil requires purification in order to bring levels of acidity to acceptable standards and guarantee its normal use in soap making.

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Quality assessment on some soaps sold in Nigeria

Cited by 16 publications

References 3 publications

Comparative Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Properties on Selected Commercially Available Soaps on the Zambian Market

Comparative Evaluation of Some Physicochemical Properties on Selected Commercially Available Soaps on the Zambian Market

Comparative chemical analysis of Indigenous Nigerian soaps with conventional ones

Quantitative and qualitative assessment on the suitability of seed oil from water plant (Trichilia emetica) for soap making

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