Quality and Metabolomics Analysis of Houttuynia cordata Based on HS-SPME/GC-MS

Abstract

Houttuynia cordata is a medicinal and edible plant with a wide biological interest. Many parts were discarded due to various modes of consumption, resulting in resource waste. In this study, a comprehensive study was conducted on various edible indicators and medicinal components of Houttuynia cordata to understand its edible and medicinal value. The edible indexes of each root, stem, and leaf were determined, and the metabolites of different parts were investigated using the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction technique (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The differential metabolites were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and clustering analysis. The results of the study showed that the parts of Houttuynia cordata with high edibility values as a vegetable were mainly the roots and leaves, with the highest vitamin C content in the roots and the highest total flavonoids, soluble sugars, and total protein in the leaves. The nutrient content of all the stems of Houttuynia cordata was lower and significantly different from the roots and leaves (p < 0.05). In addition, 209 metabolites were isolated from Houttuynia cordata, 135 in the roots, 146 in the stems, 158 in the leaves, and 91 shared metabolites. The clustering analysis and OPLS-DA found that the parts of Houttuynia cordata can be mainly divided into above-ground parts (leaves and stems) and underground parts (roots). When comparing the differential metabolites between the above-ground parts and underground parts, it was found that the most important medicinal component of Houttuynia cordata, 2-undecanone, was mainly concentrated in the underground parts. The cluster analysis resulted in 28 metabolites with up-regulation and 17 metabolites with down-regulation in the underground parts. Most of the main components of the underground part have pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and antiviral, which are more suitable for drug development. Furthermore, the above-ground part has more spice components and good antioxidant capacity, which is suitable for the extraction of edible flavors. Therefore, by comparing and analyzing the differences between the edible and medicinal uses of different parts of Houttuynia cordata as a medicinal and food plant, good insights can be obtained into food development, pharmaceutical applications, agricultural development, and the hygiene and cosmetic industries. This paper provides a scientific basis for quality control and clinical use.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Houttuynia cordata Thunb rhizome extracts and their antibacterial potential against common foodborne pathogens

“…5b). The underground parts (stem, rhizome and root) of H. cordata contain rich total protein, twice the amount of vitamin C than oranges, flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercitrin and rutin) and other essential compounds such as aldehydes (nonanal, 2‐undecenal, pentanal and tridecanal), alcohols (1‐decanol, 1‐dodecanol, 1‐penten‐3‐ol and orcinol), ketones (2‐undecanone) etc., which have been implicated with antioxidant and antimicrobial capacities (Qi et al ., 2022; Song et al ., 2022). The different concentrations of the compounds play a critical role in the morphology and size of synthesised NPs.…”

Identification of Daphne genkwa and Its Vinegar-Processed Products by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography–Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry and Chemometrics

“…The y-axis represented the variable confidence; ion RT- m/z pair points that are located further away from zero indicate a higher confidence level that the ion contributed to the difference between the two groups. Therefore, the RT- m/z pair points at the two ends of the “S” shape represent the components that are the most responsible for the difference between these two types of samples, which can be regarded as the components that most differentiate between CHDG and VPDG [ 28 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] ( Figure 3 B). To investigate whether data overfitting occurred in the OPLS-DA model, 200 iterations of the permutation test were performed using the SIMCA 14.1 software, in which R2Y and Q2 described the explanation level of the model in the y-axis direction and the forecasted level of the model, respectively.…”

Exploring Volatile Organic Compounds in Rhizomes and Leaves of Kaempferia parviflora Wall. Ex Baker Using HS-SPME and GC–TOF/MS Combined with Multivariate Analysis

“…These methods are time-consuming; utilize high amounts of solvents, resulting to excessive solvent waste; and causing some temperature-sensitive volatiles to be degraded at high temperatures during extraction [ 67 ]. Nowadays, headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME), a new sample preparation technique, is becoming popular for the screening of volatiles in many plant, food, and beverage matrices [ 68 , 69 ]. HS-SPME is a fast and powerful method which does not require solvents, is easy to automate, and requires only a small sample size [ 67 , 70 ].…”