“…This study aims to identify, compare, and analyse similar and different characteristics of the selected doctoral programs in different universities in Türkiye and Canada having different educational systems. Therefore, it employs qualitative comparative research methodology, aiming to understand, reveal, and delineate the dynamics of educational policy, plan, and reform initiatives within selected contexts that could positively affect the current view of education from a comprehensive perspective (Bingham, Dean & Castillo, 2019). Due to its structural and contextual characteristics, this study is an example of comparative education research.…”