Qualitative and Quantitative Variation Among Volatile Profiles Induced by Tetranychus urticae Feeding on Plants from Various Families

Abstract

Many plant species are known to emit herbivore-induced volatiles in response to herbivory. The spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is a generalist that can feed on several hundreds of host plant species. Volatiles emitted by T. urticae-infested plants of 11 species were compared: soybean (Glycine max), golden chain (Laburnum anagyroides), black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), eggplant (Solanum melalonga), thorn apple (Datura stramonium), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), hop (Humulus lupulus), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). The degree to which the plant species produced novel compounds was analyzed when compared to the odors of mechanically damaged leaves. Almost all of the investigated plant species produced novel compounds that dominated the volatile blend, such as methyl salicylate, terpenes, oximes, and nitriles. Only spider mite-infested eggplant and tobacco emitted a blend that was merely quantitatively different from the blend emitted by mechanically damaged or clean leaves. We hypothesized that plant species with a low degree of direct defense would produce more novel compounds. However, although plant species with a low direct defense level do use indirect defense to defend themselves, they do not always emit novel compounds. Plant species with a high level of direct defense seem to invest in the production of novel compounds. When plant species of the Fabaceae were compared to plant species of the Solanaceae, qualitative differences in spider mite-induced volatile blends seemed to be more prominent in the Fabaceae than in the Solanaceae.

The Role of Indole and Other Shikimic Acid Derived Maize Volatiles in the Attraction of Two Parasitic Wasps

“…Interestingly, several studies on maize volatiles indicate specific induction of volatile indole by herbivore-derived elicitors and not by excision stress or mechanical damage (Frey et al, 2000;Schmelz et al, 2003b). However, in other studies, many of the common herbivore-induced VOCs, including indole and several terpenoids, have been detected in analyses of VOCs released by plants exposed to other forms of stresses, as for example mechanical wounding (van den Boom et al, 2004), exposure to other VOCs (Ruther and Fürstenau, 2005), or infection by microorganism (Huang et al, 2003). Hence, the emission of various volatiles can be induced by a number of enemies and stresses, yet natural enemies are able to discriminate between different forms of stresses (Takabayashi et al, 1995;De Moraes et al, 1998;Vuorinen et al, 2004).…”

“…Although some of these compounds are constitutively emitted by undamaged, healthy plants, considerably higher amounts are emitted after herbivore damage and various HIPVs may even be synthesized de novo in response to damage (Turlings et al, 1990Paré and Tumlinson, 1997). Some HIPVs are specific to certain plant taxa, for example, sulfur containing compounds in Allium plants (Dugravot et al, 2004) or glucosinolate breakdown products in Brassicaceae species (Scascighini et al, 2005), but others are common to many species (Fritzsche Hoballah et al, 2002;van den Boom et al, 2004). Common compounds include "green-leaf volatiles" (C 6 aldehydes, alcohols, and derivatives), cyclic and acyclic terpenoids, phenolic compounds, and nitrogenous compounds (Dicke, 1999;Paré and Tumlinson, 1997).…”

Biological parameters and population development of Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae) on different pepper cultivars

“…For example, sweet pepper was poorly accepted by T. urticae compared to soybean, red pepper and eggplant (van den Boom et al, 2003(van den Boom et al, , 2004. Additionally, the preferences, development and reproduction of the mite differ not only among plant species but also on different cultivars of the same plant species (Dehghan et al, 2009;Hoy, 2011;Atalay & Kumral, 2013;Najafabadi et al, 2014;Keskin & Kumral, 2015).…”

Emission of Plutella xylostella-Induced Compounds from Cabbages Grown at Elevated CO2 and Orientation Behavior of the Natural Enemies

“…A variety of induced compounds are released from herbivore-damaged plants (Geervliet et al, 1997;Paré and Tumlinson, 1999;Van Den Boom et al, 2004;Vuorinen et al, 2004). Feeding damage of both specialist Plutella xylostella and generalist Spodoptera littoralis larvae induced the emission of (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (E,E)-a-farnesene, but the homoterpene (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT) emission was higher after specialist than generalist damage in cabbages (Brassica oleracea; Vuorinen et al, 2004).…”