“…Note that f i enjoys the properties: f i (z, r) > 1 for z < r, f i (z, r) = 1 for z = r, and f i (z, r) < 1 for z > r. The discrete-time system induced by map (2) is often used in the modeling of n-species in competition; see [38,58,20,21,70,60,73,14,54,46]. The variable x i is the density of species i and f i is its growth function (or fitness function).…”