Quadratic electro-optic effect in the nonconjugated conductive polymer iodine-doped trans-polyisoprene, an organic nanometallic system

Quadratic Electro-Optic Effect in Metal Nanoparticles in a Transparent Dielectric Medium

“…The subnanometer size particles have shown the largest known Kerr coefficients and two-photon absorption coefficients of any material. The Kerr coefficient is about 3.5 × 10 −10 m/V 2 at 633 nm for iodine-doped trans-polyisoprene [18,19]. All the magnitudes of the Kerr coefficient stated here are for the same optical density (about 0.05 at 633 nm).…”

“…Considering previous reports, subnanometer size metallic-like particles were obtained in non-conjugated conductive polymers doped with iodine. [13][14][15][16][17][18][19] A charge-transfer from an isolated carbon-carbon double bond to the dopant creates highly confined metallic domains/quantum dots (surface plasmon resonance of about 400 nm and radical cation of about 300 nm). The subnanometer size particles have shown the largest known Kerr coefficients and two-photon absorption coefficients of any material.…”

“…An ac (alternating current) field at 4 kHz was applied to these electrodes using a power supply. The quadratic electro-optic measurements were made using the field-induced birefringence method ( Figure 1) [13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Briefly, the measurement was made as follows: A He-Ne laser (wavelength 633 nm) was used in these measurements since this wavelength is near the onset of the optical absorption due to surface plasmon resonance.…”

Electroabsorption in Metallic Nanoparticles within Transparent Dielectric Media

“…An ac field at 4 kHz was applied to these electrodes. The electroabsorption measurements were made using the set-up shown in Figure 1 [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Briefly, the measurements were made as discussed in the following.…”

“…The materials also include iodine doped nonconjugated conductive polymers, such as polyisoprene, which have the smallest known metallic particles in the subnanometer domain. While electroabsorption in iodine-doped nonconjugated conductive polymers was mentioned in previous reports [15][16][17][18][19][20][21], here we discuss more details and compare with gold nanoparticles in a dielectric medium. The quadratic electro-optic effect is given by: ∆n = KλE 2 , where ∆n is the change in refractive index (induced birefringence), K is defined as the real part of Kerr coefficient, λ is the wavelength, and E stands for the applied electric field.…”