QoI Fungicide Resistance Mutations in Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata are Fully Established in Potato Growing Areas in Bavaria and Dual Resistance against SDHI Fungicides is Upcoming

Nottensteiner, Mathias; Absmeier, Carolin; Zellner, Michael

doi:10.1007/s10343-019-00475-5

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Evolution of tolerance against QoI fungicides was initially suggested to have arisen once, due to its association with an arbitrarily assigned genotype (GT I), and then spread. However, recent work showed that the F129L mutation in the cytochrome b target gene could also be observed since 2016 in another genotype (Nottensteiner et al, 2019). Our study further confirms the genetic heterogeneity of QoI tolerant isolates, as all of the isolates in this study show the F129L mutation.…”

Section: Diversity In Context Of Long Distance Dispersalsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…A more recent, long-term Swedish field study, showed that nearly all Swedish isolates now carry the F129L mutation (Edin et al, 2019). In Germany also nearly all samples have the F129L mutation and 43% show mutations in SDH subunits (Nottensteiner et al, 2019). In the United States, a study of over 1000 isolates revealed that between 2013 and 2015 the presence of the F129L mutation rose from 92 to 99% and mutations in any of the SDH subunits were also present in 99% of the isolates (Bauske et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

Einspanier

Susanto

Metz

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Early blight of potato is caused by the fungal pathogen Alternaria solani and is an increasing problem worldwide. The primary strategy to control the disease is applying fungicides such as succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). SDHI-resistant strains, showing reduced sensitivity to treatments, appeared in Germany in 2013, five years after introduction of SDHIs. Two primary mutations in the Sdh complex (SdhB-H278Y and SdhC-H134R) have been frequently found throughout Europe. How these resistances arose and spread, and whether they are linked to other genomic features, remains unknown. We performed whole-genome sequencing for A. solani isolates from potato fields across Europe (Germany, Sweden, Belgium, and Serbia) to better understand the pathogen's genetic diversity in general and understand the development and spread of the genetic mutations that lead to SDHI resistance. We used ancestry analysis and phylogenetics to determine the genetic background of 48 isolates. The isolates can be grouped into 7 genotypes. These genotypes do not show a geographical pattern but appear spread throughout Europe. The Sdh mutations appear in different genetic backgrounds, suggesting they arose independently, and the observed admixtures might indicate a higher adaptive potential in the fungus than previously thought. Our research gives insights into the genetic diversity of A. solani on a genome level. The mixed occurrence of different genotypes and apparent admixture in the populations indicate higher genomic complexity than anticipated. The conclusion that SDHI tolerance arose multiple times independently has important implications for future fungicide resistance management strategies. These should not solely focus on preventing the spread of isolates between locations but also on limiting population size and the selective pressure posed by fungicides in a given field to avoid the rise of new mutations in other genetic backgrounds.

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Section: Diversity In Context Of Long Distance Dispersalsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

Einspanier

Susanto

Metz

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…The primary mechanism of fungicide-resistance in phytopathogenic fungi is target gene mutations. The QoI fungicides resistance generally associated with point mutations in Cytb gene at codons 129,137 and 143 in many phytopathogens [12,13,33]. Others have shown that Cytb gene mutation was not also detected in few pathogens, such as reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin L. theobromae isolates [34], low and moderate resistant Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolates [35], moderate and high resistant Microdochium majus isolates [36].…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mechanism of action is inhibition of electron transport between cytochrome b and cytochrome c1 in the mitochondrial respiratory chain, leading to disruption in the production of ATP [ 11 ]. Due to its single mode of action, QoI fungicides have a high risk of selection of resistance in phytopathogenic fungi, and field resistance to QoI fungicides has been reported in more than 30 species [ 12 , 13 ]. There is known resistance to pyraclostrobin in various fungal species and also cross-resistance to other QoI fungicides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Yang

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Background Stem-end rot, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl is a serious postharvest disease in mango. In China, a high prevalence of the QoI fungicides resistance has been reported in the last decade. The study aimed to discuss factors determining rapid development of pyraclostrobin-resistance and its resistance mechanisms. Methods To determine the resistance stability and fitness of pyraclostrobin resistance in L. theobromae, three phenotypes of pyraclostrobin resistance were compared and analyzed for the EC50 values, mycelial growth, virulence and temperature sensitivity and osmotic stress sensitivity. The relative conductivity and enzyme activities of different phenotypes were compared under fungicide stress to explore possible biochemical mechanisms of pyraclostrobin resistance in L. theobromae. The Cytb gene sequences of different phenotypes were analysed. Results All isolates retained their original resistance phenotypes during the 10 subcultures on a fungicide-free PDA, factor of sensitivity change (FSC) was approximately equal to 1. The resistance-pyraclostrobin of the field isolates should be relatively stable. Two pyraclostrobin-resistant phenotypes shared similar mycelial growth, virulence and temperature sensitivity with pyraclostrobin-sensitive phenotype. After treated by pyraclostrobin, the relative conductivity of the sensitive phenotype was significantly increased. The time of Pyr-R and Pyr-HR reached the most conductivity was about 8–10 times than that of Pyr-S, the time for the maximum value appearance showed significant differences between sensitive and resistant phenotypes. The activities of Glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) of Pyr-HR were 1.78, 5.45 and 1.65 times respectively, significantly higher than that of Pyr-S after treated by 200 mg/l pyraclostrobin. Conclusion The results showed that the pyraclostrobin-resistant phenotypes displayed high fitness and high-risk. The nucleotide sequences were identical among all pyraclostrobin-resistant and -sensitive isolates. The pyraclostrobin resistance was not attributable to Cytb gene alterations, there may be some of other resistance mechanisms. Differential response of enzyme activity and cell membrane permeability were observed in resistant- and sensitive-isolates suggesting a mechanism of metabolic resistance.

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“…Namun A. solani dilaporkan memiliki variabilitas genetik yang luas (Leiminger et al, 2013) sehingga memudahkannya beradapatsai terhadap resistensi varietas dan bahan aktif fungisida (van der Waals et al, 2004). Nottensteiner et al (2019) dan Derpmann & Mehl (2019) melaporkan bahwa A. solani telah menunjukkan resistensi silang terhadap fungisida berbahan aktif QoI (quinone outside inhibitor) dan SDHI (succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor).…”

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Uji In Vitro Keefektifan Ekstrak Air Daun Dan Bunga Kembang Telang (Clitoria ternatea l.) terhadap Jamur Alternaria solani Penyebab Penyakit Bercak Coklat pada Tanaman Tomat

Suganda¹,

Komalasari²,

Yulia³

et al. 2020

Agrikultura

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Penyakit bercak coklat (Alternaria solani) merupakan salah satu penyakit yang sangat merugikan pada tanaman tomat. Umumnya penyakit ini dikendalikan dengan penggunaan fungisida sintetik, tetapi selain menyebabkan dampak buruk bagi lingkungan, patogen ini juga mampu berubah menjadi tidak sensitif lagi terhadap bahan aktif fungisida sintetik yang digunakan. Beberapa penelitian melaporkan bahwa ekstrak tumbuhan dapat menekan berbagai patogen. Tanaman kembang telang diketahui memiliki sifat antimikroba terhadap berbagai mikroorganisme. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan ekstrak air daun dan bunga kembang telang dalam menekan A. solani secara in vitro. Percobaan dilakukan dengan metode eksperimen menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap terdiri atas empat konsentrasi ekstrak daun (0, 3, 6, dan 9%) dan empat konsentrasi ekstrak bunga (0, 5, 10, 15%) yang diperoleh berdasarkan uji LC50 pendahuluan. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak air daun maupun bunga memperlihatkan penekanan terhadap pertumbuhan koloni jamur A. solani. Penekanan tertinggi ekstrak air daun maupun bunga masing-masing pada konsentrasi 9% (34,78%) dan 15% (38,97%). Ekstrak air daun mampu menurunkan produksi konidia A. solani pada konsentrasi 9% yaitu 3,0 x 103 konidia/ml, sementara pada konsentrasi 15%, ekstrak air bunga kembang telang menekan total produksi konidia A. solani. Penghambatan tertinggi terhadap perkecambahan konidia (58,33%) ditunjukkan oleh ekstrak air daun kembang telang 3% sedangkan oleh ekstrak air bunga kembang telang sebesar 75,00% oleh konsentrasi 5%. Kemampuan antisporulasi dari ekstrak air daun dan bunga kembang telang lebih dominan dibandingkan kemampuan fungistatik maupun kemampuan fungisidalnya.

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QoI Fungicide Resistance Mutations in Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata are Fully Established in Potato Growing Areas in Bavaria and Dual Resistance against SDHI Fungicides is Upcoming

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

Whole genome sequencing elucidates the species-wide diversity and evolution of fungicide resistance in the early blight pathogen Alternaria solani

Resistance mechanisms and fitness of pyraclostrobin-resistant isolates of Lasiodiplodia theobromae from mango orchards

Uji In Vitro Keefektifan Ekstrak Air Daun Dan Bunga Kembang Telang (Clitoria ternatea l.) terhadap Jamur Alternaria solani Penyebab Penyakit Bercak Coklat pada Tanaman Tomat

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