QOAOA based optimal controller for frequency regulation in smart grid system incorporating renewable sources and hybrid energy storage system

Abstract

The demand for a sustainable and environmentally friendly power source is increasing in the modern era, and an interconnected power system that can integrate electric vehicles and renewable energy sources is seen as a solution. However, this technology has some drawbacks, such as its lower system inertia, which limits its ability to respond to load capabilities. To overcome this issue, a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) can be integrated with new techniques to enhance performance. This paper proposes a new Quasi Opposition Arithmetic Optimization Algorithm (QOAOA) optimized cascade FOPIDN-(1+TD) controller with HESS of super-capacitor and Redox Flow Battery (RFB) to mitigate frequency and tie-line power variations in a multi-area restructured smart-grid system. The proposed controller's performance is evaluated under various conditions, such as load fluctuations, wind speed variations, solar irradiation, Governor Dead Band (GDB), and generation rate limitation. The system performance is also analyzed when HESS devices are integrated into the three-area system, taking into account the varying nature of wind speed and solar irradiation. The proposed controller's outcomes are validated using real-time Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) simulation with OPAL-RT.