“…Previous studies have shown that LPS induces an acute inflammatory injury in the spleen 28 . In our in vivo study, the splenic injury was observed in the LPS group (Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 62%
“…Previous studies have shown that LPS induces an acute inflammatory injury in the spleen. 28 In our in vivo study, the splenic injury was observed in the LPS group (Fig. 6I), which differed from the control group, where the nucleus was clear and no significant damage was observed.…”
Section: Effect Of Cn7 Cultivar Treatment On Lps-induced Inflammation...mentioning
BACKGROUNDDietary interventions are crucial in modulating inflammation in humans. Strawberries are enjoyed by people of different ages owing to their attractive phenotype and taste. In addition, the active compounds in strawberries may contribute to the reduction of inflammation. When developing new strawberry cultivars to address agricultural and environmental threats, the bioactivity of strawberries must be improved to maintain their health benefits.RESULTSWe determined the phytochemical contents of extracts from a new Korean strawberry cultivar, with the CN7 cultivar extract possessing the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents compared to the CN5 and Seolhyang cultivar extracts. The new Korean strawberry cultivars reduced the expression of inflammatory‐related genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 cells via the NF‐κB signaling pathway, indicating an anti‐inflammatory effect. The CN7 cultivar showed greater bioactivity potential and the highest ellagic acid content, hence, we assessed the effect of the CN7 cultivar in an LPS‐stimulated mouse model. The CN7 cultivar treatment demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing inflammation via the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines secretion and gene expression.CONCLUSIONThe results revealed the observable differences of the newly developed strawberry cultivars with Seolhyang in mitigating inflammation induced by LPS. The enhanced phytochemical content of the CN7 cultivar extract may contribute to its improved anti‐inflammatory effect. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain the nutritive benefits of strawberry during the development of new cultivation.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
“…Previous studies have shown that LPS induces an acute inflammatory injury in the spleen 28 . In our in vivo study, the splenic injury was observed in the LPS group (Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 62%
“…Previous studies have shown that LPS induces an acute inflammatory injury in the spleen. 28 In our in vivo study, the splenic injury was observed in the LPS group (Fig. 6I), which differed from the control group, where the nucleus was clear and no significant damage was observed.…”
Section: Effect Of Cn7 Cultivar Treatment On Lps-induced Inflammation...mentioning
BACKGROUNDDietary interventions are crucial in modulating inflammation in humans. Strawberries are enjoyed by people of different ages owing to their attractive phenotype and taste. In addition, the active compounds in strawberries may contribute to the reduction of inflammation. When developing new strawberry cultivars to address agricultural and environmental threats, the bioactivity of strawberries must be improved to maintain their health benefits.RESULTSWe determined the phytochemical contents of extracts from a new Korean strawberry cultivar, with the CN7 cultivar extract possessing the highest total polyphenol and flavonoid contents compared to the CN5 and Seolhyang cultivar extracts. The new Korean strawberry cultivars reduced the expression of inflammatory‐related genes in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW264.7 cells via the NF‐κB signaling pathway, indicating an anti‐inflammatory effect. The CN7 cultivar showed greater bioactivity potential and the highest ellagic acid content, hence, we assessed the effect of the CN7 cultivar in an LPS‐stimulated mouse model. The CN7 cultivar treatment demonstrated its effectiveness in reducing inflammation via the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines secretion and gene expression.CONCLUSIONThe results revealed the observable differences of the newly developed strawberry cultivars with Seolhyang in mitigating inflammation induced by LPS. The enhanced phytochemical content of the CN7 cultivar extract may contribute to its improved anti‐inflammatory effect. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain the nutritive benefits of strawberry during the development of new cultivation.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
“…Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that compared to control mice, no significant histopathological changes in the vital organs (heart, liver, lung, kidney and brain) of mice at the maximum tested dosage 2500 mg/kg were discovered ( Figure 7 ). 43 Overall, compound 3e did not demonstrate acute toxicity and exhibited safety in vivo. Figure 6 The change on body weight of mice after oral administration of different concentrations of compound 3e .…”
Background
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) belongs to neurodegenerative disease, and the increasing number of AD patients has placed a heavy burden on society, which needs to be addressed urgently. ChEs/MAOs dual-target inhibitor has potential to treat AD according to reports.
Purpose
To obtain effective multi-targeted agents for the treatment of AD, a novel series of hybrid compounds were designed and synthesized by fusing the pharmacophoric features of 3,4-dihydro-2 (1
H
)-quinolinone and dithiocarbamate.
Methods
All compounds were evaluated for their inhibitory abilities of ChEs and MAOs. Then, further biological activities of the most promising candidate
3e
were determined, including the ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), kinetics and molecular model analysis, cytotoxicity in vitro and acute toxicity studies in vivo.
Results
Most compounds showed potent and clear inhibition to AChE and MAOs. Among them, compound
3e
was considered to be the most effective and balanced inhibitor to both AChE and MAOs (IC
50
=0.28 µM to eeAChE; IC
50
=0.34 µM to hAChE; IC
50
=2.81 µM to hMAO-B; IC
50
=0.91 µM to hMAO-A). In addition,
3e
showed mixed inhibition of hAChE and competitive inhibition of hMAO-B in the enzyme kinetic studies. Further studies indicated that
3e
could penetrate the BBB and showed no toxicity on PC12 cells and HT-22 cells when the concentration of
3e
was lower than 12.5 µM. More importantly,
3e
lacked acute toxicity in mice even at high dose (2500 mg/kg, P.O.).
Conclusion
This work indicated that compound
3e
with a six-carbon atom linker and a piperidine moiety at terminal position was a promising candidate and was worthy of further study.
“…The MAPK signaling pathway is known to contribute to spleen growth, cell apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation, and meiosis [20][21][22][23][24]. In our study, we found a close association between MAPK signaling pathway and PdAc 4 -induced spleen toxicity, which is consistent with previous ndings that the MAPK/STAT3 signaling pathway plays a crucial role in LPS-induced acute spleen injury, characterized by increased phosphorylation of ERK, P38, JNK, and STAT3 proteins, and increased secretion of IFNγ, TNFα, IL2, and IL13 [21]. Activation of the ROS/MAPK pathway enhances oxidative stress, necroptosis, and in ammation induced by LPS or polystyrene nanoplastics in RAW264.7 cells and spleen tissue [22].…”
Section: Signaling Pathways Related To Pdac 4 -Induced Spleen Toxicitymentioning
Exposure to lead (Pd) can have harmful effects on the organs of both humans and animals, particularly the spleen. However, the precise mechanisms through which Pd (IV) exposure leads to spleen toxicity remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to identify the key genes and signaling pathways involved in spleen toxicity caused by Pd (IV) incubation. We obtained the dataset GSE59925 from the Gene Expression Omnibus, which included spleen samples treated with lead tetraacetate (PdAc4) as well as control samples on the 1st and 5th day after PdAc 4 exposure. Through differential expression analysis, we identi ed 607 and 704 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the spleens on the 1st and 5th day following PdAc 4 treatment, respectively, with 245 overlapping DEGs between the two time points. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the commonly shared DEGs were primarily involved in signal transduction, drug response, cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration. Pathway analysis indicated that the common DEGs were primarily associated with MAPK, TNF, cAMP, Hippo, and TGF-β signaling pathways. Furthermore, we identi ed hub genes such as CXCL10, PARP1, APOE, and VDR that contribute to PdAc 4 -induced spleen toxicity. This study enhances our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying Pd (IV) toxicity in the spleen.
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