Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010

Georgiev, Milen I.; Afonso, Ana; Neubauer, Heinrich; Needham, Howard; Thiéry, Richard; Rodolakis, Annie; Roest, Hendrik Jan; Stärk, Katharina D.C.; Stegeman, Jan Arend; Vellema, P.; Hoek, Wim van der; More, Simon J.

doi:10.2807/ese.18.08.20407-en

Cited by 181 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…The results obtained from animalsmainly from small ruminants and cattleprevent the following or analysis of trends for Q fever at the EU level because the results submitted by MS are mostly not directly comparable due to differences in sampling strategy, testing methods, coverage of the monitoring and sensitivity of the surveillance for C. burnetii. The regional variability within Europe highlights the importance of understanding risk factors which may operate at a local scale and may be subtle (Georgiev et al, 2013 For 2017, 212 West Nile virus (WNV) infections in humans were reported by 11 Member States. Most infections were reported by Romania, Italy and Greece, with 31%, 26% and 23% of the total EU, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017

2018

EFS2

710

360

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This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2017 in 37 European countries (28 Member States (MS) and nine non-MS). Campylobacteriosis was the commonest reported zoonosis and its EU trend for confirmed human cases increasing since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed human salmonellosis cases since 2008 ended during 2013-2017, and the proportion of human Salmonella Enteritidis cases increased, mostly due to one MS starting to report serotype data. Sixteen MS met all Salmonella reduction targets for poultry, whereas 12 MS failed meeting at least one. The EU flock prevalence of target Salmonella serovars in breeding hens, laying hens, broilers and fattening turkeys decreased or remained stable compared to 2016, and slightly increased in breeding turkeys. Salmonella results on pig carcases and target Salmonella serovar results for poultry from competent authorities tended to be generally higher compared to those from food business operators. The notification rate of human listeriosis further increased in 2017, despite Listeria seldom exceeding the EU food safety limit in ready-to-eat food. The decreasing EU trend for confirmed yersiniosis cases since 2008 stabilised during 2013-2017. The number of confirmed shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) infections in humans was stable. A total of 5,079 food-borne (including waterborne) outbreaks were reported. Salmonella was the commonest detected agent with S. Enteritidis causing one out of seven outbreaks, followed by other bacteria, bacterial toxins and viruses. The agent was unknown in 37.6% of all outbreaks. Salmonella in eggs and Salmonella in meat and meat products were the highest risk agent/food pairs. The report further summarises trends and sources for bovine tuberculosis, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), West Nile virus and tularaemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…burnetii . The regional variability within Europe highlights the importance of understanding risk factors which may operate at a local scale and may be subtle (Georgiev et al., ).…”

Section: Q Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017

2018

EFS2

710

360

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“…The need for a follow-up test to identify Q fever was considered low after symptom improvement 52. PLOS NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASES 100,000 persons in Australia and 0.1-0.4 cases per 100,000 persons in France, Germany, and Bulgaria [11][12][13]. The Netherlands experienced a large-scale outbreak of Q fever with >4,000 cases between 2007 and 2010; prior to the outbreak, approximately 10-30 cases were reported annually [2].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological investigation and physician awareness regarding the diagnosis and management of Q fever in South Korea, 2011 to 2017

et al. 2021

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Background In South Korea, the number of Q fever cases has rapidly increased since 2015. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize the epidemiological and clinical features of Q fever in South Korea between 2011 and 2017. Methods/Principal findings We analyzed the epidemiological investigations and reviewed the medical records from all hospitals that had reported at least one case of Q fever from 2011 to 2017. We also conducted an online survey to investigate physicians’ awareness regarding how to appropriately diagnose and manage Q fever. The nationwide incidence rate of Q fever was annually 0.07 cases per 100,000 persons annually. However, there has been a sharp increase in its incidence, reaching up to 0.19 cases per 100,000 persons in 2017. Q fever sporadically occurred across the country, with the highest incidences in Chungbuk (0.53 cases per 100,000 persons per year) and Chungnam (0.27 cases per 100,000 persons per year) areas. Patients with acute Q fever primarily presented with mild illnesses such as hepatitis (64.5%) and isolated febrile illness (24.0%), whereas those with chronic Q fever were likely to undergo surgery (41.2%) and had a high mortality rate (23.5%). Follow-up for 6 months after acute Q fever was performed by 24.0% of the physician respondents, and only 22.3% of them reported that clinical and serological evaluations were required after acute Q fever diagnosis. Conclusions Q fever is becoming an endemic disease in the midwestern area of South Korea. Given the clinical severity and mortality of chronic Q fever, physicians should be made aware of appropriate diagnosis and management strategies for Q fever.

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“…A wide range of hosts including wild and domestic ungulates, birds, companion animals such as dogs and cats, and many species of ticks are known to harbour C. burnetii (Woldehiwet, 2004). Infection in domestic ruminants represents the most important infection risk for humans (Georgiev et al., 2013). Bacteria are excreted in large quantities in birth products of infected animals, contaminating the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetii in the environment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods

Abeykoon

Clark

Magalhães

et al. 2020

Zoonoses and Public Health

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Q fever is a zoonotic disease caused by the intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Its primary mode of transmission is by inhalation of aerosols originating from infected animals and contaminated environments. The organism has a very low infective dose, can persist in the environment for long periods of time and large outbreaks fuelled by windborne spread have been previously reported. Detection of C. burnetii in the environment is therefore important during human and animal outbreak investigations and for the control and prevention of Q fever. This study aimed to systematically review and critically appraise the published literature on sampling methods used to detect C. burnetii from different environmental samples. A search of four electronic databases with subsequent hand searching identified 47 eligible articles published since 1935. These articles described sampling of dust, air, soil and liquids in attempts to detect C. burnetii during 19 Q fever outbreaks and in 28 endemic settings. Environmental positivity was most commonly associated with ruminant livestock populations. Evidence describing spatio-temporal characteristics and associated geographical dispersion gradients was limited. The most commonly tested sample type was dust which also yielded the highest bacterial loads of >10 8 bacteria/cloth. The MD8 (Sartorius) air sampler was used widely for air sampling. Soil was the only sample type for which a validated laboratory protocol was established specifically for C. burnetii. Each environmental sample type has its advantages and limitations which are discussed in detail and a simplified framework to guide decisions around environmental sampling for C. burnetii is provided. In any type of environmental sampling, it is recommended to use standardized and validated methods and to match the most ideal sampling strategy and timing with the research context. These conditions are essential to be considered when designing future Q fever management plans that involve environmental sampling for C. burnetii.

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Q fever in humans and farm animals in four European countries, 1982 to 2010

Cited by 181 publications

References 58 publications

The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017

The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food‐borne outbreaks in 2017

Epidemiological investigation and physician awareness regarding the diagnosis and management of Q fever in South Korea, 2011 to 2017

Coxiella burnetii in the environment: A systematic review and critical appraisal of sampling methods

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