Q fever in Bulgaria: Laboratory and epidemiological findings on human cases and outbreaks, 2011 to 2017

Genova-Kalоu, Petia; Vladimirova, Nadezhda; Stoitsova, Savina; Krumova, Stefka; Kurchatova, Anna; Kantardjiev, Todor

doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.37.1900119

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Up to 2016, France and Germany reported most of the confirmed cases. In 2017, two outbreaks were reported from Bulgaria in the Gabrovo and Blagoevgrad regions (Genova‐Kalou et al., 2019 ). Since 2017, Spain has reported the highest number of cases annually.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report

2022

EFS2

300

225

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This report of the European Food Safety Authority and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring and surveillance activities carried out in 2021 in 27 MSs, the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) and nine non‐MSs. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. In 2021, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. Cases of campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis increased in comparison with 2020, but decreased compared with previous years. In 2021, data collection and analysis at the EU level were still impacted by the COVID‐19 pandemic and the control measures adopted in the MSs, including partial or total lockdowns. Sixteen MSs and the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland) achieved all the established targets in poultry populations for reduction in Salmonella prevalence for the relevant serovars. Salmonella samples from carcases of various animal species and samples for Campylobacter quantification from broiler carcases were more frequently positive when performed by the competent authorities than when own‐checks were conducted. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, followed by Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases, with the most hospitalisations and highest case fatality rates. Overall, MSs reported more foodborne outbreaks and cases in 2021 than in 2020. S. Enteritidis remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in ‘eggs and egg products’ and in ‘mixed foods’ were the agent/food pairs of most concern. Outbreaks linked to ‘vegetables and juices and products thereof’ rose considerably compared with previous years. This report also provides updates on brucellosis, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever), echinococcosis, rabies, toxoplasmosis, trichinellosis, tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or M. caprae , and tularaemia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report

2022

EFS2

300

225

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“…Cases were linked to occupational exposure and patients were veterinarians and staff from two cow farms and one sheep farm (ProMED‐mail, 2020a , b ). In 2017, in addition to sporadic Q fever cases, two outbreaks were reported from Bulgaria in the Gabrovo and Blagoevgrad regions (Genova‐Kalou et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Q Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

2021

EFS2

353

314

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This report of the EFSA and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control presents the results of zoonoses monitoring activities carried out in 2020 in 27 EU Member States (MS) and nine non-MS. Key statistics on zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed are provided and interpreted historically. Two events impacted 2020 MS data collection and related statistics: the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and the withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the EU. In 2020, the first and second most reported zoonoses in humans were campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis, respectively. The EU trend for confirmed human cases of these two diseases was stable (flat) from 2016 to 2020. Fourteen of the 26 MS reporting data on Salmonella control programmes in poultry met the reduction targets for all poultry categories. Salmonella results for carcases of various species performed by competent authorities were more frequently positive than own-checks conducted by food business operators. This was also the case for Campylobacter quantification results from broiler carcases for the MS group that submitted data from both samplers, whereas overall at EU level, those percentages were comparable. Yersiniosis was the third most reported zoonosis in humans, with 10-fold less cases reported than salmonellosis, followed by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and Listeria monocytogenes infections. Illnesses caused by L. monocytogenes and West Nile virus infections were the most severe zoonotic diseases with the highest case fatality. In 2020, 27 MS reported 3,086 foodborne outbreaks (a 47.0% decrease from 2019) and 20,017 human cases (a 61.3% decrease). Salmonella remained the most frequently reported causative agent for foodborne outbreaks. Salmonella in 'eggs and egg products', norovirus in 'crustaceans, shellfish, molluscs and products containing them' and L. monocytogenes in 'fish and fish products' were the agent/food pairs of most concern. This report also provides updates on tuberculosis due to Mycobacterium bovis or Mycobacterium caprae, Brucella, Trichinella, Echinococcus, Toxoplasma, rabies, Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) and tularaemia.

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“…In Bulgaria, from 1949 to 1993, more than 20 Q fever outbreaks occurred with three major outbreaks between 1982 and 1985, and next in 1993 and 1997 (61)(62)(63)(64). In the late 2010s, 139 Q fever cases were reported (incidence of 0.27 cases/100 kI/y) (65). In Slovakia, a seroprevalence of 3% was estimated for the period before 1993 (63).…”

Section: Human Q Fever Is Found On Six Of Seven Continents: An Epidemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius): A Possible Threat for Humans and Livestock in North Africa and the Near and Middle East?

et al. 2020

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The "One Health" concept recognizes that human health is connected to animal health and to the ecosystems. Coxiella burnetii-induced human Q fever is one of the most widespread neglected zoonosis. The main animal reservoirs responsible for C. burnetii transmission to humans are domesticated ruminants, primarily goats, sheep, and cattle. Although studies are still too sparse to draw definitive conclusions, the most recent C. burnetii serosurvey studies conducted in herds and farms in Africa, North Africa, Arabian Peninsula, and Asia highlighted that seroprevalence was strikingly higher in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) than in other ruminants. The C. burnetii seroprevalence in camel herds can reach more than 60% in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan, and 70 to 80% in Algeria and Chad, respectively. The highest seroprevalence was in female camels with a previous history of abortion. Moreover, C. burnetii infection was reported in ticks of the Hyalomma dromedarii and Hyalomma impeltatum species collected on camels. Even if dromedary camels represent <3% of the domesticated ruminants in the countries of the Mediterranean basin Southern coast, these animals play a major socioeconomic role for millions of people who live in the arid zones of Africa, Middle East, and Asia. In Chad and Somalia, camels account for about 7 and 21% of domesticated ruminants, respectively. To meet the growing consumers demand of camel meat and milk (>5 million tons/year of both raw and pasteurized milk according to the Food and Agriculture Organization) sustained by a rapid increase of population (growth rate: 2.26-3.76 per year in North Africa), dromedary camel breeding tends to increase from the Maghreb to the Arabic countries. Because of possible long-term persistence of C. burnetii in camel hump adipocytes, this pathogen could represent a threat for herds and breeding farms and ultimately for public health. Because this review highlights a hyperendemia of C. burnetii in dromedary camels, a proper screening of herds and breeding farms for C. burnetii is urgently needed in countries where camel breeding is on the rise. Moreover, the risk of C. burnetii transmission from camel to human should be further evaluated.

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Q fever in Bulgaria: Laboratory and epidemiological findings on human cases and outbreaks, 2011 to 2017

Cited by 10 publications

References 21 publications

The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report

The European Union One Health 2021 Zoonoses Report

The European Union One Health 2020 Zoonoses Report

Coxiella burnetii in Dromedary Camels (Camelus dromedarius): A Possible Threat for Humans and Livestock in North Africa and the Near and Middle East?

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