Q fever epidemic in Cayenne, French Guiana, epidemiologically linked to three-toed sloth

Santi, Vincent Pommier de; Briolant, Sébastien; Mahamat, Aba; Ilcinkas, Carole; Blanchet, Denis; Thoisy, Benoı̂t de; Reynaud, Yann; Hyvert, Georges; Marié, Jean-Lou; Edouard, Sophie; Davoust, Bernard; Raoult, Didier

doi:10.1016/j.cimid.2017.12.004

Cited by 21 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…Several non-perstans Mansonella were reported in apes from Congo and neighboring countries. This includes: Mansonella ( Esslingeria ) (Chabaud & Bain, 1976), M. (E.) leopoldi from Gorilla gorilla in the Republic of the Congo [ 42 ] and Gabon [ 43 ], M. (E.) lopeensis from Gorilla gorilla in Gabon [ 43 ], M. (E.) vanhoofi from Pan paniscus in DR Congo [ 44 , 45 ] and from Gorilla gorilla in the Republic of Congo [ 42 ]; (M) (E.) streptocerca and M. (E.) rodhaini are two filariid parasites reported from chimpanzees and gorillas [ 46 , 47 , 48 ]. Chimpanzees in Central Africa are the reservoir of M. rodhaini , which was identified in skin biopsy samples from several villagers in Gabon [ 49 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic Infections in African Humans and Non-Human Primates

et al. 2020

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Different protozoa and metazoa have been detected in great apes, monkeys and humans with possible interspecies exchanges. Some are either nonpathogenic or their detrimental effects on the host are not yet known. Others lead to serious diseases that can even be fatal. Their survey remains of great importance for public health and animal conservation. Fecal samples from gorillas (Gorilla gorilla) and humans living in same area in the Republic of Congo, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) from Senegal and one other from the Republic of Congo, Guinea baboons (Papio papio) from Senegal, hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) from Djibouti and Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus) from Algeria, were collected. DNA was extracted and screened using specific qPCR assays for the presence of a large number of helminths and protozoa. Positive samples were then amplified in standard PCRs and sequenced when possible. Overall, infection rate was 36.5% in all non-human primates (NHPs) and 31.6% in humans. Great apes were more often infected (63.6%) than monkeys (7.3%). At least twelve parasite species, including ten nematodes and two protozoa were discovered in NHPs and five species, including four nematodes and a protozoan in humans. The prevalences of Giarida lamblia, Necator americanus, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis were similar between gorillas and human community co-habiting the same forest ecosystem in the Republic of Congo. In addition, human specific Mansonella perstans (5.1%) and other Mansonella spp. (5.1%) detected in these gorillas suggest a possible cross-species exchange. Low prevalence (2%) of Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Strongyloides stercoralis were observed in chimpanzees, as well as a high prevalence of Abbreviata caucasica (57.1%), which should be considered carefully as this parasite can affect other NHPs, animals and humans. The Barbary macaques were less infected (7.2%) and Oesophagostomum muntiacum was the main parasite detected (5.8%). Finally, we report the presence of Pelodera sp. and an environmental Nematoda DNAs in chimpanzee feces, Nematoda sp. and Bodo sp. in gorillas, as well as DNA of uncharacterized Nematoda in apes and humans, but with a relatively lower prevalence in humans. Prevalence of extraintestinal parasites remains underestimated since feces are not the suitable sampling methods. Using non-invasive sampling (feces) we provide important information on helminths and protozoa that can infect African NHPs and human communities living around them. Public health and animal conservation authorities need to be aware of these infections, as parasites detected in African NHPs could affect both human and other animals’ health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parasitic Infections in African Humans and Non-Human Primates

et al. 2020

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“…No link with classical sources of C. burnetii has been ever identified in French Guiana and a wild reservoir has been suspected. 27 In our study, two cases of encephalitis were caused by C. burnetii . One of them was identified by PCR on the CSF and the other was diagnosed on positive blood serology.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 51%

“…Q fever incidence in French Guiana is one of the highest in the world. 27 The main risk factor is inhalation of aerosols of dusts. No link with classical sources of C. burnetii has been ever identified in French Guiana and a wild reservoir has been suspected.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Outcome of Encephalitis in French Guiana

Roux

Houcke

Sanna

et al. 2019

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract.The aim of our study was to describe the clinical features, the etiologies, and the factors associated with poor outcome of encephalitis in French Guiana. Our study was retrospective, including all cases of encephalitis hospitalized in the Cayenne General Hospital, from January 2007 to July 2017. Patients were included through the 2013 encephalitis consortium criteria and the outcome was evaluated using the Glasgow outcome scale at 3 months from the diagnosis of encephalitis. We included 108 patients, giving an approximate incidence rate of four cases/100,000 inhabitants/year. The origin of the encephalitis was diagnosed in 81 cases (75%), and 72 of them (66.7%) were from an infectious origin. The most common infectious causes were Cryptococcus sp. (18.5%) independently of the immune status, Toxoplasma gondii (13.9%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.5%). In the follow-up, 48 patients (46.6%) had poor outcome. Independent risk factors associated with poor outcome at 3 months were “coming from inside area of the region” (P = 0.036, odds ratio [OR] = 4.19; CI 95% = 1.09–16.06), need for mechanical ventilation (P = 0.002, OR = 5.92; CI 95% = 1.95–17.95), and age ≥ 65 years (P = 0.049, OR = 3.99; CI 95% = 1.01–15.89). The most identified cause of encephalitis in French Guiana was Cryptococcus. The shape of the local epidemiology highlights the original infectious situation with some local specific pathogens.

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“…From December 2012 to June 2013, a Q fever epidemic occurred on the Tiger Mountain military site [ 22 ]. Among the 54 occupants of the premises, 11 developed the disease (attack rate 11/54 = 20%) and 50% (8/16) of the households were affected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: Recent Findings and Remaining Questions

et al. 2021

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Purpose of Review In this review, we report on the state of knowledge about human Q fever in Brazil and on the Guiana Shield, an Amazonian region located in northeastern South America. There is a contrast between French Guiana, where the incidence of this disease is the highest in the world, and other countries where this disease is practically non-existent. Recent Findings Recent findings are essentially in French Guiana where a unique strain MST17 has been identified; it is probably more virulent than those usually found with a particularly marked pulmonary tropism, a mysterious animal reservoir, a geographical distribution that raises questions. Summary Q fever is a bacterial zoonosis due to Coxiella burnetii that has been reported worldwide. On the Guiana Shield, a region mostly covered by Amazonian forest, which encompasses the Venezuelan State of Bolivar, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and the Brazilian State of Amapá, the situation is very heterogeneous. While French Guiana is the region reporting the highest incidence of this disease in the world, with a single infecting clone (MST 117) and a unique epidemiological cycle, it has hardly ever been reported in other countries in the region. This absence of cases raises many questions and is probably due to massive under-diagnosis. Studies should estimate comprehensively the true burden of this disease in the region.

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Q fever epidemic in Cayenne, French Guiana, epidemiologically linked to three-toed sloth

Cited by 21 publications

References 22 publications

Parasitic Infections in African Humans and Non-Human Primates

Parasitic Infections in African Humans and Non-Human Primates

Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Outcome of Encephalitis in French Guiana

Human Q Fever on the Guiana Shield and Brazil: Recent Findings and Remaining Questions

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