Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans

Zhmud, Leonid; Windle, Kevin; Ireland, Rosh

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199289318.001.0001

Cited by 214 publications

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“…An additional aspect may be that an ADHD diagnosis fits poorly with the social practices in which a controlled temper is expected to accompany the physical and mental abilities that characterize a cultivated person [ 47 ]. A controlled body and mind with an ability for sustained attention is a classic aristocratic ideal with historical roots from antiquity [ 48 – 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design

Michaëlsson

Yuan

Melhus

et al. 2022

BMC Med

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Background Previous studies have reported associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lower socioeconomic status and intelligence. We aimed to evaluate the causal directions and strengths for these associations by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Methods We used summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic instruments for ADHD, intelligence, and markers of socioeconomic status including the Townsend deprivation index, household income, and educational attainment. Effect estimates from individual genetic variants were combined using inverse-variance weighted regression. Results A genetically predicted one standard deviation (SD) increment in the Townsend deprivation index conferred an odds ratio (OR) of 5.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–14.76) for an ADHD diagnosis (p<0.001). A genetically predicted one SD higher education level conferred an OR of 0.30 (95% CI 0.25–0.37) (p<0.001), and a genetically predicted one SD higher family income provided an OR of 0.35 (95% CI 0.25–0.49; p<0.001). The associations remained after adjustment for intelligence whereas the lower odds of an ADHD diagnosis with higher intelligence did not persist after adjustment for liability to greater educational attainment (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.68–1.56; p=0.87). The MR analysis of the effect of ADHD on socioeconomic markers found that genetic liability to ADHD was statistically associated with each of them (p<0.001) but not intelligence. However, the average change in the socioeconomic markers per doubling of the prevalence of ADHD corresponded only to 0.05–0.06 SD changes. Conclusions Our results indicate that an ADHD diagnosis may be a direct and strong intelligence-independent consequence of socioeconomic related factors, whereas ADHD appears to lead only to modestly lowered socioeconomic status. Low intelligence seems not to be a major independent cause or consequence of ADHD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design

Michaëlsson

Yuan

Melhus

et al. 2022

BMC Med

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“…Burkert (1962) argues that the table originated in Plato's Academy. More recently, Zhmud (2012) argues that this list has very little to do with the early Pythagoreans, but Goldin (2015) argues that the table could very well be part of early Pythagoreanism. I am inclined to think that it is later than Heraclitus.…”

Section: Opposites and Explanation In Anaximander And Anaximenesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opposites and Explanations in Heraclitus

Neels¹

2023

Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, Volume 62

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This paper offers a new interpretation of Heraclitus’ use of opposites and how they feature in his explanation of the cosmos. It argues that the so-called “unity of opposites’ thesis does not exhaust Heraclitus’ interest in opposites. It contrasts Heraclitus with his Ionian predecessors, Anaximander and Anaximenes, who treated opposites as fundamental explanantia for the cosmos. Viewed from this perspective, Heraclitus’ opposites appear to be explananda—things to be explained. The paper argues that this analysis of Heraclitus’ use of opposites reveals some features of his theory of explanation. Heraclitus rejects explanatory fundamentality but promotes the idea of a cosmos whose various parts explain its other parts. Opposites are both explananda and (non-fundamental) explanantia along with all the parts of the cosmos. Interestingly, Heraclitus’ cosmos itself appears to be both an explanandum and an explanans.

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“…Dio 78 [77].18.4). On the historical and biographical tradition surrounding Pythagoras, Burkert 1972: 97–217; Zhmud 2012: 61–103.…”

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confidence: 99%

“… 22 On Pythagoreanism generally, see Burkert 1972; Huffman 2014. Helpful surveys include Philip 1966; Kahn 2001; Riedweg 2005; Zhmud 2012. On Neopythagoreanism, Freyburger 1998; Flinterman 2014; Volk 2015.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Birthday Present: Censorinus’De die natali

Freidin

2020

J. Rom. Stud.

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This paper contextualises and interprets a text seldom addressed in Anglophone scholarship: De die natali (‘On the birthday’), written by Censorinus to celebrate his patron Caerellius’ birthday in 238 c.e. By exploring both gestation (natalis) and time measurement (dies), the work seeks to elucidate and isolate Caerellius’ birthday in time; it is the ultimate guide to his dies natalis. Despite a seemingly narrow focus, De die natali is best understood as part of a broad ‘spectrum’ of encyclopaedic texts, exemplifying the ‘totalising’ impetus of knowledge ordering in the Roman Empire, while simultaneously exposing the limits of such efforts. An interlocking set of tensions underlie the text, which resonate with other encyclopaedic projects — tensions between unity and plurality, centre and periphery, and the relationship between nature and culture. De die natali is both a product of, and commentary on, the conditions of human knowledge and the Empire's cultural diversity in the early third century.

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Pythagoras and the Early Pythagoreans

Cited by 214 publications

References 0 publications

The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design

The impact and causal directions for the associations between diagnosis of ADHD, socioeconomic status, and intelligence by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization design

Opposites and Explanations in Heraclitus

The Birthday Present: Censorinus’De die natali

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