“…These process alternatives can be divided into three different approaches using: (i) enzymes (Burdick and Schaeffer, 1987;Eisenberg et al, 1997); (ii) resting cells (Izumi et al, 1982, Ogawa et al, 2001Schinschel and Simon, 1993); and (iii) fermentation processes (Li et al, 2001a(Li et al, , 2001b(Li et al, , 2002Yokota et al, 1994). In comparison to the other approaches, fermentation methods offer the opportunity to produce pyruvate from the sustainable, lowcost substrate, glucose, with high product/substrate yield, while avoiding the coproduction of unwanted byproducts like H 2 O 2 , as is usually the case when enzymatic methods are employed.…”