Pyruvate Is Superior to Citrate in Oral Rehydration Solution in the Protection of Intestine via Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor‐1 Activation in Rats With Burn Injury

Abstract

Pyr-ORS provides a superior option to Cit-ORS for the preservation of intestinal blood flow and barrier function and the attenuation of histopathological alterations in enteral resuscitation of rats with burn injury. Its underlying mechanism may be closely related to the pyruvate in activation of intestinal HIF-1-EPO signaling cascades.

Pyruvate is a prospective alkalizer to correct hypoxic lactic acidosis

“…Moreover, erythropoietin (EPO), a typical up-regulative gene induced by HIF-1α, has cyto-protective and anti-inflammatory functions under various pathological conditions [ 68 , 69 ]. It was demonstrated that pyruvate-enriched ORS (Pyr-ORS) significantly preserved the intestinal function and markedly elevated intestinal EPO in the enteral resuscitation of rats with burn injury compared with the effects of citrate-enriched ORS (Cit-ORS) [ 70 ]. Therefore, pyruvate may promote the correction of LA via its activation of the HIF-1α-EPO signaling pathway and improvement of cell metabolism.…”

Pyruvate in reduced osmolarity oral rehydration salt corrected lactic acidosis in sever scald rats

“…The signals were inputted into the computer to plot curves; data were expressed as blood perfusion units (PBU), as previously described. 14 Animal grouping, ORS preparation, and rehydration Randomly, 80 rats were divided into four groups (N ¼ 20, two subgroups at 8 h and 24 h in each group: n ¼ 10): the scald group with no fluid resuscitation (group NR); scald resuscitation group with low-osmolar Cit-ORS (WHO-ORS III, group CR); scald resuscitation group with low-osmolar Pyr-ORS (group PR), and scald sham group (group SR). Following the WHO-ORS formula, the reduced osmolarity of Pyr-ORS or Cit-ORS was made with 3.5 g sodium pyruvate or 2.9 g tri-sodium citrate dihydrate (SigmaeAldrich), 2.0 g or 2.5 g NaCl, and 1.5 g KCl plus 13.5 g anhydrous glucose in distilled water up to 1000 mL at the laboratory.…”

“…30,31 Furthermore, gluconeogenesis may be favorably preserved via the stimulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1a as a consequence of prolyl hydroxylase inhibition by pyruvate, relative to citrate. 14,31,32 Besides, improved organ function, particularly heart, liver, and kidney, by pyruvate facilitates tissue oxygenation and lactate clearance.…”

Partial Enteral Nutrition Mitigated Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Damage of Rat Small Intestinal Barrier

“…; Helix Medical, Inc., Carpinteria, CA, USA) in the vena cava through the right external jugular vein for PN. The catheter was tunneled subcutaneously and exited at the midpoint of the tail [26]. Then a 3-cm incision was made in the skin just below the sternum, and a silicon rubber tube (medical grade, 0.020 i.d.…”

“…After 30 min, the clip was removed and the abdominal incision was closed. Rats were separately housed in metal cages with wire grid floors to eliminate coprophagia, and partially immobilized by tail restraint to protect the catheter during infusion [26,28]. This technique of infusion in the rat has been adopted in several studies to keep the animals from hyperactivity, which may break the tubes.…”