Pyrroles and their Benzo Derivatives: Structure

d’Ischia, Marco; Napolitano, Alessandra; Pezzella, Alessandro

doi:10.1016/b978-008044992-0.00301-1

Cited by 10 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 191 publications

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“…Other phenolic melanocytotoxic depigmenting agents include 4‐tertiary amyl‐phenol, 4‐tertiary butylcatechol (4‐TBC) and 2,4 di‐tertiary butylphenol (DTBP) . Phenolic compounds have structural similarities to tyrosine and can bind to the enzyme's active site . Phenols have maximal depigmenting activity with a non‐polar side chain in para‐position .…”

Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Topical Depigmenting Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced bleaching treatment: opportunities for immune‐assisted melanocyte suicide in vitiligo

Webb

Eby

Hariharan

et al. 2014

Experimental Dermatology

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Depigmentation in vitiligo occurs by progressive loss of melanocytes from the basal layer of the skin, and can be psychologically devastating to patients. T cell-mediated autoimmunity explains the progressive nature of this disease. Rather than being confronted with periods of rapid depigmentation and bouts of repigmentation, patients with long-standing, treatment-resistant vitiligo can undergo depigmentation treatment. The objective is to remove residual pigmentation in order to achieve a cosmetically acceptable result- that of skin with a uniform appearance. In the USA, only the use of mono-benzyl ether of hydroquinone (MBEH) is approved for this purpose. However, satisfactory results can take time to appear, and there is a risk of repigmentation. MBEH induces necrotic melanocyte death followed by a cytotoxic T cell response to remaining, distant melanocytes. As cytotoxic T cell responses are instrumental to depigmentation, we propose that combining MBEH with immune adjuvant therapies will accelerate immune-mediated melanocyte destruction to achieve faster, more definitive depigmentation than with MBEH alone. Since Toll-like Receptor (TLR) agonists-imiquimod, CpG, and Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP 70)-all support powerful Th1 responses, we propose that using MBEH in combination with these agents can achieve superior depigmentation results for vitiligo patients.

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Section: Mechanism Of Action Of Topical Depigmenting Agentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced bleaching treatment: opportunities for immune‐assisted melanocyte suicide in vitiligo

Webb

Eby

Hariharan

et al. 2014

Experimental Dermatology

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“…Isocyanides are an important type of building blocks in organic synthesis. The unique features of the isocyano group make isocyanides particularly useful for the synthesis of a number of important classes of nitrogen heterocycles, such as pyrroles, [1] imidazoles [2] and oxazoles [3] etc. There are different classical syntheses of heterocycles, such as the Barton-Zard [4] and the van Leusen [5] pyrrole syntheses, the Ito and the Fukuyama [6] indole syntheses, as well as less well-known applications of isocyanides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Advances in the Chemistry of Isocyanides with Activated Methylene Group

et al. 2020

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“…Multisubstituted pyrroles are present in many natural products, pharmaceutically relevant compounds, and other functional molecules ( Chart 1 ). 9 While a number of new synthetic methods for multisubstituted pyrroles, those catalyzed by transition metals in particular, have been developed in the last decades, 10 , 11 the demand for simple, robust, and sustainable methods remains high. Notably, in many of the recent transition metal-catalyzed methods, the catalyst plays a key role in the formation of linear intermediates such as α-enaminoketone, 12 γ-ketoimine (or its tautomers), 13 and 1,4-diimine, 14 which undergo dehydrative or deaminative cyclocondensation to afford the pyrrole products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%