Pyroptosis

Pyroptosis in inflammatory bone diseases: Molecular insights and targeting strategies

“…The morphological features of pyroptosis can be divided into three aspects (Figure 2): (1) external stimuli induce pore formation, during which gasdermin translocates to the cell membrane and forms pores with interior diameters ranging from 10 to 14 nm 16 ; IL‐1 and IL‐18 (approximately 4.5 nm in diameter) can be effluxed through these pores, promoting the inflammatory response later 16,17 ; (2) the continuous water influx contributes to cell swelling, and significant blebbing of the membrane with bubble‐like protrusions is generated (called pyroptotic bodies) 18 ; and (3) in response to death signals, ninjurin‐1 (NINJ1), a cytoplasmic protein having two transmembrane regions linked with N and C termini, may oligomerize to cause plasma membrane rupture (PMR) 19 . Also, the PMR results in the release of cellular components or metabolites, which include uric acid, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), high‐mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 20,21 …”