Pyrometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Catalysts

Peng, Zhiwei; Li, Zhizhong; Lin, Xiaodong; Tang, Huarong; Ye, Lei; Ma, Yuehui; Rao, Mingjun; Zhang, Yuanbo; Li, Guanghui; Jiang, Tao

doi:10.1007/s11837-017-2450-3

Cited by 102 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The majority of PGE (i.e., Pd, Pt, and Rh) would be used as catalysts in vehicles to convert hazardous gases, formed as a result of combustion, into less toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide. The content of PGE in catalytic converters varies [4] and could reach 0.5% [5], while the rest would be support, consisting of silicate (e.g., cordierite) and oxide (e.g., alumina, titanium dioxide, and silica).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The PGE could be further separated from the collector using an electrochemistry method, while the flux would bind to the gangue phase, such as silicate. The advantages of the smelting method are the simple process of separating PGE from the gangue phase and the high recovery of PGE, with somewhat lower Rh recovery [5]. The other pyrometallurgical approach is volatilization, which transforms the PGE into chloride compounds at a high temperature and recovers as vapor/volatile compounds [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Platinum Group Elements Recovery from Used Catalytic Converters by Acidic Fusion and Leaching

Prasetyo

Anderson

2020

Metals

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The recovery of platinum group elements (PGE (platinum group element coating); Pd, Pt, and Rh) from used catalytic converters, using low energy and fewer chemicals, was developed using potassium bisulfate fusion pretreatment, and subsequently leached using hydrochloric acid. In the fusion pre-treatment, potassium bisulfate alone (without the addition of an oxidant) proved to be an effective and selective fusing agent. It altered PGE into a more soluble species and did not react with the cordierite support, based on X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and metallographic characterization results. The fusion efficacy was due to the transformation of bisulfate into pyrosulfate, which is capable of oxidizing PGE. However, the introduction of potassium through the fusing agent proved to be detrimental, in general, since potassium formed insoluble potassium PGE chloro-complexes during leaching (decreasing the recovery) and required higher HCl concentration and a higher leaching temperature to restore the solubility. Optimization on the fusion and leaching parameter resulted in 106% ± 1.7%, 93.3% ± 0.6%, and 94.3% ± 3.9% recovery for Pd, Pt, and Rh, respectively. These results were achieved at fusion conditions: temperature 550 °C, potassium bisulfate/raw material mass ratio 2.5, and fusion time within 30 min. The leaching conditions were: HCl concentration 5 M, temperature 80 °C, and time within 20 min.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Platinum Group Elements Recovery from Used Catalytic Converters by Acidic Fusion and Leaching

Prasetyo

Anderson

2020

Metals

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“…A combination of primary and secondary production using pyrometallurgical infrastructure is a common practice, especially for spent auto catalysts. [13] However, pyrometallurgy is not feasible for high volume fuel cell MEA recycling, due to the presence of fluorine compounds. Incineration of the fluoropolymers contained in proton conductors, the hydrophobically treated gas diffusion layer using Teflon, and the catalyst layer's binding agent leads to the formation of hydrogen fluoride (HF), a toxic compound that is both harmful to health, environment and highly corrosive for the infrastructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sustainable Platinum Recycling through Electrochemical Dissolution of Platinum Nanoparticles from Fuel Cell Electrodes

et al. 2019

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Recycling of the platinum group metals (PGMs) containing industrial wastes obtained from proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), electrolyzers, catalytic convertors and others is of high strategical importance for industrial sustainability. In this work, a highly efficient and environmentally friendly platinum recycling method through potentiodynamic cycling in dilute acidic chloride solutions is demonstrated and optimized to recover platinum from fuel cell electrodes. The process parameters such as upper and lower potential limits are optimized to be 1.6 and 0.4 V vs. RHE. Both the dilute acidic and the acid free Cl− containing electrolytes may be used for the dissolution. Moreover, parameters such as protocol reliability, quantification method and comparison, electrode interface structure, dissolution product and mechanisms etc. are discussed. A study in 1 M HCl shows Pt dissolution rates as high as ∼30 μg/cycle for potential cycling between 0.4 and 1.6 V (scan rate: 100 mV/s) for a PEMFC electrode with initial Pt loading of ∼470 μg. The approach demonstrates a methodology for fast parameter screening on electrocatalyst dissolution and a proof of concept industrial recycling of spent electrocatalysts.

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“…7 Alternatively, a number of hydrometallurgical methods have been proposed based on digesting the spent catalyst in aqua regia or other strong oxidizing acids. Elevated temperatures are required because of the strong resistance of Rh to acids.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The severe leaching conditions also result in destruction of the support material and necessitate further purification of the extracted metals. 7 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Selective extraction of supported Rh nanoparticles under mild, non-acidic conditions with carbon monoxide

Ibrahim

Denmark

2018

J. Mater. Chem. A

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Owing to their limited supplies, recycling of precious metals, especially rhodium, is vital to sustain the growth of certain nanotechnologies. Here we report a mild, efficient, and selective method for rhodium recovery that relies on the use of carbon monoxide to extract rhodium nanoparticles on various supports in polar solvents. Unlike the traditional recycling technologies, this method operates at low temperature and does not require strong acids. Moreover, the CO-induced leaching is complimentary to leaching by acids in terms of selectivity toward rhodium versus other precious metals and results in metal recovery in the form of reduced metallic clusters. The method performs best on freshly reduced surfaces and can be promoted by the addition of tertiary amines. Besides CO gas, formic acid can also be used as a leachant by decomposition to produce CO by Rh catalysis. The concept of CO-induced leaching could be applied to the extraction of rhodium from nuclear waste and extended to modify rhodium nanoparticle size and composition.

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Pyrometallurgical Recovery of Platinum Group Metals from Spent Catalysts

Cited by 102 publications

References 62 publications

Platinum Group Elements Recovery from Used Catalytic Converters by Acidic Fusion and Leaching

Platinum Group Elements Recovery from Used Catalytic Converters by Acidic Fusion and Leaching

Sustainable Platinum Recycling through Electrochemical Dissolution of Platinum Nanoparticles from Fuel Cell Electrodes

Selective extraction of supported Rh nanoparticles under mild, non-acidic conditions with carbon monoxide

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