Pyrolyzed Photoresist Carbon Electrodes for Trace Electroanalysis of Nickel(II)

Abstract

Novel pyrolyzed photoresist carbon electrodes for electroanalytical applications have been produced by photolithographic technology followed by pyrolysis of the photoresist. A study of the determination of Ni(II) dimethylglyoximate (Ni-DMG) through adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry at an in situ bismuth-modified pyrolyzed photoresist electrode (Bi-PPCE) is reported. The experimental conditions for the deposition of a bismuth film on the PPCE were optimized. The Bi-PPCE allowed the analysis of trace concentrations of Ni(II), even in the presence of Co(II), which is the main interference in this analysis, with cathodic stripping square wave voltammograms characterized by well-separated stripping peaks. The calculated limits of detection (LOD) were 20 ng•L −1 for Ni(II) alone and 500 ng•L −1 in the presence of Co(II). The optimized method was finally applied to the analysis of certified spring water (NIST1640a).

Voltammetric determination of metal ions beyond mercury electrodes. A review

“…The main benefit of PPFs is their very high smoothness and the possibility to pattern the film before pyrolysis by photolithography. This PPF material has also been considered in [140,141] to build in-situ or ex-situ Bi-modified pyrolyzed photoresist carbon electrodes for the determination of Ni(II) and Cr(VI) by AdSV using as complexing ligands DMG and pyrocatechol violet, respectively. Moreover, the use of graphene functionalized with negatively charged poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) improves the sensitivity and linearity of the analysis of Pb(II) and Cd(II) creating more adsorbing sites [142].…”

Analytical methodologies using carbon substrates developed by pyrolysis

“…The resulting LODs were calculated as 3 nM, 6 nM, and 24 nM for Pb(II), Cd(II), and Zn(II), respectively. Other analytical applications of bismuth-modied electrodes include the determination of trace levels of Cd(II) and Pb(II), 56 nickel, 139 and chromium. 68,140 Xiao et al 141 deposited Pd nanoparticles in nanoporous carbon electrodes fabricated by pyrolysis of substrates patterned using interference lithography.…”