Pyrolysis of Timahdit, Morocco, oil shales under microwave field

Microwave pyrolysis of sewage sludge: analysis of the gas fraction

“…These materials are, in general, poor receptors of microwave energy, so they cannot be heated directly up to the high temperatures usually required to achieve total pyrolysis. However, microwave-induced pyrolysis is possible, if the raw material is mixed with an effective receptor of microwave energy such as carbon [21][22][23][24] or certain metal oxides [19,20]. The use of microwave-assisted processes in sewage sludge handling or treatment is not entirely new.…”

“…Thus, processes such as the drying and heating of minerals and inorganic products, the carbothermic reduction of metal oxides, mineral leaching, coal liquefaction, the production of active carbon, spent carbon regeneration and the surface chemistry modification of carbons are only a few examples of the different processes currently being used or investigated [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Microwave heating has also been considered as an alternative for carrying out the pyrolysis of biomass [17,18], coal [19,20], oil shales [21,22], and various organic wastes [23,24]. These materials are, in general, poor receptors of microwave energy, so they cannot be heated directly up to the high temperatures usually required to achieve total pyrolysis.…”

Microwave Heating Applied to Pyrolysis

“…Different types of microwave receptors can be used, such as inorganic matter (MonsefMirzai et al, 1995) or substances with conduction electrons, e.g. activated carbon, char, graphite, etc (Chanaa et al, 1994;El harfi et al, 2000).…”

Evaluation of different microwave heating parameters on the pore structure of oil shale samples

“…Thermal transformation of oil shale during heating involves complex physical and chemical reactions. In recent years, there are many achievements to compare the similarities and differences between microwave heating and conventional heating by analyzing different outcomes, including heating rate, shale oil production and quality, gas volume, and composition …”