Pyrolysis of KH carbon residues: A method of further production of fullerenes and specific formation of C84

Thermodynamic Study of the Formation of C 60 and C 70 by Combustion or Pyrolysis

“…Second, the calculated value of the C 70 /(C 70 ϩ C 60 ) ratio is often lower than the experimentally determined one. 3,20,39 This disagreement may be attributed to one or more of the following reasons: (i) the stability of gaseous C 70 could be underestimated in the calculations; (ii) the formation of C 70 may be kinetically favored over that of C 60 ; (iii) the relative stability between gaseous C 70 and C 60 may not be exactly the same as the one between solid C 70 and C 60 . It should also be noticed that, as was pointed by Richter et al, 39 the C 70 /(C 70 ϩ C 60 ) ratio is highly sensitive to processing conditions and to the position of sampling relative to the flames.…”

“…13 Fullerenes have also been obtained by pyrolysis of various hydrocarbons, 14 particularly of naphthalene [15][16][17] and of its dimer benzo [k] fluoranthene, 18 of decacyclene, 19 and of Krätschmer-Huffman (KH) carbon residues. 20 Also, arcing in a cyclopentadiene atmosphere, 21 low pressure chemical vapor deposition (CVD) starting from benzene or naphthalene, 22 and plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) starting from cyclopentadiene 23 have been investigated. Fullerenes have, in addition, been produced by pyrolysis of cyclopentadienide metal complexes (ferrocene, nickelocene, cyclopentadienyl-cobalt dicarbonyl, lithium cyclopentadienide).…”

The Observation of Large Concentric Shell Fullerenes and Fullerene-like Nanoparticles in Laser Pyrolysis Carbon Blacks

“…The results of this work 3 suggest that the products of nonoxidative laser pyrolysis may also contain fullerenes. There are indications in the literature that high-temperature treatment may lead to the restructurization of lower fullerenes into higher ones, as was shown by Weber et al for the thermal treatment of arc-discharge soots.…”

STM Visualization of C84Fullerene on Gold

“…However, it seems possible that a selective step in the process can influence the isomeric composition. In fact, an X-ray diffraction study of the iridium complex, (~2 -C84)Ir(CO)Cl(PPh3)2,4C6H6, shown that the D2d (23) isomer can be selectively obtained [9]. The growth of a regular array of C84 onto GaAs(110) was found to fit, this time, the D2 (5) geometry [3].…”

“…Medium sized fullerenes, mostly C84, will be soon obtained in larger amount by optimization of a thermal treatment of extracted soot residues [9]. Such a larger avaibility opens the.way for C84 chemistry leading to a better knowledge of its isomers [10].…”