Pyrolysis and catalytic upgrading of Citrus unshiu peel

Production of bio‐based p‐xylene via catalytic pyrolysis of biomass over metal oxide‐modified HZSM‐5 zeolites

“…, the XRD diffraction peaks from the used and regenerated catalysts were similar to those of the fresh catalyst, although the peak intensity for the used catalyst was slight lower than that of the fresh one. In view of the above characterizations of catalysts, the deactivation of the catalysts should be attributed to coke deposition and the reduction of the catalyst acidity, which agreed with previous work . Carbon deposited outside and inside the zeolite could be the main cause of catalyst deactivation, in view of the finding that the activity of the used catalysts could be almost recovered by the removal of coke.…”

“…Figure shows TGA profiles and DTG (differential thermogravimetric analysis) curves from the fresh, used and regenerated 20%La 2 O 3 /HZSM‐5 catalysts, respectively. The coke content on the used catalyst was about 7.5 (g c /g catalyst ), which was deposited externally on the zeolite and inside the micropores of the zeolite . For the used catalyst, two peaks in the DTG curve were distinguished in the range of 350–450 and 500–600 °C, respectively.…”

“…The coke content on the used catalyst was about 7.5 (g c /g catalyst ), which was deposited externally on the zeolite and inside the micropores of the zeolite. 43 For the used catalyst, two peaks in the DTG curve were distinguished in the range of 350-450 and 500-600 ∘ C, respectively. The first profile in the lower temperature region was attributed to a thermal origin coke formed from the pyrolysis of biomass, which burned easily because the coke was deposited outside the catalyst particles.…”

Development of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Thermo-Chemical Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass

“…The studies associated with the application of ZSM-5 are also focused on the determination of its catalytic performance in the decomposition of different feedstock or co-pyrolysis processes [12,[19][20][21][22][23]. Fisher et al [19] investigated the effect of the use of ZSM-5 catalyst on the course of fast pyrolysis of spent coffee grounds.…”

“…It can be controlled by the modification of the properties of the used catalysts, associated with the choice of optimal density and strength of acid sites in the zeolite structure. Tandem micro-reactor consisting of two sequential furnaces coupled to GCMS, pyrolysis-500 • C, upgrading-400 • C-600 • C, catalyst to feedstock weight ratio = 1 [22] Energies 2017, 10, 545 The relative yield of total BTX (benzene, toluene, xylene) was the highest for beech wood among studied feedstocks Tandem On the other hand, Yoo et al [28] compared the activity of waste FCC (fluidized catalytic cracking) catalyst in the pyrolysis of wild reed with the performance of the H-Y zeolite. The FCC catalyst was regenerated before use in the pyrolysis process by washing with acetone or calcination in air at 550 • C. The authors of this work [28] suggested that an activated waste FCC catalyst possessed comparable activity in the studied reaction to the H-Y sample, taking into account the production of furans, phenolics, and aromatics.…”