Pyroelectric waste heat energy harvesting using the Olsen cycle on Pb(Zr, Ti)O3-Pb(Ni, Nb)O3 ceramics

Abstract

This paper is concerned with direct energy conversion of waste heat into electrical energy by performing the Olsen cycle on lead nickel niobate zirconate titanate (PNNZT) pyroelectric ceramics undergoing a relaxor-ferroelectric phase transition. First, isothermal bipolar displacement vs. electric field hysteresis loops were measured for different temperatures and electric field spans. The Curie temperature varied between 150°C and 240°C as the electric field increased from zero up to 3 MV/m. The energy and power densities of the Olsen cycle on PNNZT were measured by cycling the specimens over a wide range of temperatures, electric fields, and frequencies. A maximum energy density of 1417 J/L/cycle was recorded with 200 μm thick PNNZT cycled at 0.033 Hz between temperatures 20°C and 240°C and electric fields 0.3 MV/m and 9.0 MV/m. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest energy density ever obtained experimentally for any pyroelectric material. In addition, a maximum power density of 78 W/L was measured by cycling the material temperature between 20°C and 220°C and applying the electric field between 0.3 MV/m and 9.0 MV/m at 0.09 Hz.

High Efficiency Refrigeration and Pyroelectric Energy Harvesting Applications of Lead Titanate Based Relaxer Ceramic

“…Pyroelectric effect re ects the variation of spontaneous polarization in pyroelectric material with changing temperatures [27]. Signi cant variations of polarization under different temperatures induce giant pyroelectric energy harvesting density (N D ), which can be estimated by using Olsen cycle between two hysteresis loops [28].…”

“…Energy conversion in these processes have been described in elsewhere [29]. The output electrical energy density N D per cycle in Fig.5a is calculated by the following formula [27]: , where E and P are electric eld and polarization respectively, it is numerically equal to green shaded area in Fig.5a. In this work, the maximum pyroelectric energy harvesting are 279 and 234 kJ/cm 3 respectively for PLZT and PLHT ceramic with ΔT = 90°C (shown in Fig.…”

“…The output electrical energy density N D per cycle in Fig. 5a is calculated by the following formula [27]: , where E and P are electric eld and polarization respectively, it is numerically equal to green shaded area in Fig. 5a.…”

Enabling Distributed Intelligence with Ferroelectric Multifunctionalities

“…1.56 0.17 By template (t = 5 μm); V: 2.6 V, I: 0.6 μA cm −2 [68] PVDF/BTO Composite Vibration (10 g, 13 Hz) 0.027 Hot pressed (t∼0.3 mm); V: 37.5 V, I: 0.212 μA cm −2 [117] P(VDF-HFP)/BTO composite Compressive pressure (0.23 MPa) 480 Spin coated (t = 50 μm); V: 110 V, I: 10 μA cm −2 [118] Thermal Energy/ Pyroelectric PZT ceramic ΔT: 300 to 308 K 0.004 Commercial (t = 1 mm); Q-V cycle; load resistance: 1 GΩ [ 119] PVDF film ΔT: 300 to 323 K 0.300 Commercial (t = 11 μm); Q-V cycle; load resistance: 50 GΩ [ 119] PLZT ceramic ΔT: 40 to 210°C, ΔE: 0 to 8.5 MV m −1 , 0.06 Hz 48 (t = 200 μm); Ericsson cycle [120] PNNZT ceramic ΔT: 20 to 220°C, ΔE: 0.3 to 9.0 MV m −1 , 0.09 Hz 78 Commercial (t = 0.2 mm); Ericsson cycle [ 121] P(VDF-TrFE) film ΔT: 40 to 120°C, ΔE: 150 to 500 kVcm −1 , 0.6 Hz 140 By spin coating (t = 5 μm); Ericsson cycle [ 122] BTO thin film ΔT: 20 to 120°C, ΔE: 100 to 125 kVcm −1 , 3 kHz 30 000 By pulsed-laser deposition (t = 200 nm); Ericsson cycle [ 123] PMNT thin film ΔT: 56 K, ΔE: 267 kVcm −1 , 1 kHz 526 000 By pulsed-laser deposition (t = 150 nm); Ericsson cycle [ 124] Optical Energy/ Photovoltaic KNB-NNO ceramic Laser beam, 9.95 W cm −2 0.0033 t = 100 μm; V: 0.11 V, I: 0.03 μA cm −2 ; 𝜂: 0.12% [125] KNO-BNNO thick film…”

Pyroelectric power generation from the waste heat of automotive exhaust gas

“…2 In automobiles, a given amount of waste heat is lost from exhaust gas, and the temperature of exhaust gas varies temporally corresponding to the cycling of an internal combustion engine or driving conditions. Such a temporal temperature variation (dT/dt, where t is time) can be utilized as thermoelectric energy, which can be harvested to be converted into electrical energy, [3][4][5][6] known as the pyroelectric effect (PE). 7 Pyroelectric materials that exhibit a PE have a polar symmetry in their crystal structure, leading to spontaneous polarization (P S ).…”