Pyrethroids: A new threat to marine mammals?

Alonso, Mariana B.; Feo, María Luisa; Corcellas, Cayo; Vidal, Lara G.; Bertozzi, Carolina Pacheco; Marigo, Juliana; Secchi, Eduardo R.; Bassoi, Manuela; Azevedo, Alexandre F.; Dorneles, Paulo R.; Torres, João Paulo Machado; Lailson‐Brito, José; Malm, Olaf; Eljarrat, Ethel; Barceló, Damià

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.010

Cited by 110 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Moreover, the high demand of water to keep the fields continuously flooded and the low rainfall in the Mediterranean areas make necessary the use of poor quality water such as regained water from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Unfortunately, as some authors have pointed out, the treatment of this water will not satisfactorily remove all contaminants (Feo et al 2010;Alonso et al 2012;Campo et al 2013;Weston et al 2013). Hence, the spreading of contaminants, such as insecticides and biocides, through agricultural soils may take place (Arias-Estevez et al 2008), where they can be considered pseudo-persistent due to their daily release into the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in Mediterranean paddy fields

et al. 2016

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Purpose The demand of rice by the increase in population in many countries has intensified the application of pesticides and the use of poor quality water to irrigate fields. The terrestrial environment is one compartment affected by these situations, where soil is working as a reservoir, retaining organic pollutants. Therefore, it is necessary to develop methods to determine insecticides in soil and monitor susceptible areas to be contaminated, applying adequate techniques to remediate them. Materials and methods This study investigates the occurrence of ten pyrethroid insecticides (PYs) and its spatio-temporal variance in soil at two different depths collected in two periods (before plow and during rice production), in a paddy field area located in the Mediterranean coast. Pyrethroids were quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) after ultrasound-assisted extraction with ethyl acetate. The results obtained were assessed statistically using non-parametric methods, and significant statistical differences (p < 0.05) in pyrethroids content with soil depth and proximity to wastewater treatment plants were evaluated. Moreover, a geographic information system (GIS) was used to monitor the occurrence of PYs in paddy fields and detect risk areas. Results and discussion Pyrethroids were detected at concentrations ≤57.0 ng g −1 before plow and ≤62.3 ng g −1 during rice production, being resmethrin and cyfluthrin the compounds found at higher concentrations in soil. Pyrethroids were detected mainly at the top soil, and a GIS program was used to depict the obtained results, showing that effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were the main sources of soil contamination. No toxic effects were expected to soil organisms, but it is of concern that PYs may affect aquatic organisms, which represents the worst case scenario. Conclusions A methodology to determine pyrethroids in soil was developed to monitor a paddy field area. The use of water from WWTPs to irrigate rice fields is one of the main pollution sources of pyrethroids. It is a matter of concern that PYs may present toxic effects on aquatic organisms, as they can be desorbed from soil. Phytoremediation may play an important role in this area, reducing the possible risk associated to PYs levels in soil.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in Mediterranean paddy fields

et al. 2016

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“…Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) are used to control a wide range of insect pests for a variety of crops (Alonso et al, 2012) and have become a major class of pesticides used against pests as a replacement for more toxic organophosphorous insecticides (Katsuda, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tissue distribution, metabolism and hepatic tissue injury in Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) after a single oral administration of lambda-cyhalothrin

Chang

Wang

et al. 2016

Environmental Pollution

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a b s t r a c tLambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) is a widely used pyrethroid with neurotoxicity. However, little is known about the toxicokinetics of LCT in reptiles. In this study, the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of LCT in Chinese lizards (Eremias Argus) were determined following a single dose (10 mg kg À1 ) treatment. In the liver, brain, gonads and skin, LCT levels peaked within several hours and then decreased rapidly. However, the concentration of LCT gradually increased in the fat tissue. More than 90% of the LCT dose was excreted in the faeces. One LCT metabolite, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA), was detected in lizard plasma and tissues. PBA preferentially accumulates in the brain and plasma. The half-life of PBA in the brain was 3.2 days, which was 35.4-fold greater than that of LCT. In the plasma, the concentration of PBA was significantly higher than that of LCT. The bioaccumulation of LCT in tissues was enantioselective, and the enantiomeric fractions (EF) ranged from 0.72 to 0.26. The preferential accumulation of enantiomers changed according to exposure time, but the reasons behind this phenomenon were not clear. For pathological analysis, vacuolation of the cytoplasm and large areas of necrosis were observed in the liver sections after 168 h of dosing. The liver tissues exhibited both decreases in the hepatosomatic index and histopathological lesions during the exposure period. In this study, the effect concentration of LCT in lizards was 200-fold lower than its LD 50 value used in risk assessments for birds. These results may provide additional information for the risk assessment of LCT for reptiles and indicate that birds may not be an ideal surrogate for reptile toxicity evaluation.

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“…Pyrethroids were also detected in breast milk and placenta samples from female dolphins, indicating that transfer to offspring could occur in utero and during nursing (Alonso et al 2012). Given the high trophic status of cetaceans, Alonso et al (2012) propose that bioaccumulation occurs despite the presumption that pyrethroids are deactivated by metabolic pathways. These recent lab and field studies suggest that pyrethroids may not be as benign to birds and mammals as commonly assumed.…”

Section: Pyrethroidsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…We know of only one published study about the impacts of these compounds on wild mammal populations. Alonso et al (2012) found pyrethroids in the livers of all 23 male dolphins tested off the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Pyrethroids were also detected in breast milk and placenta samples from female dolphins, indicating that transfer to offspring could occur in utero and during nursing (Alonso et al 2012).…”

Section: Pyrethroidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Alonso et al (2012) found pyrethroids in the livers of all 23 male dolphins tested off the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Pyrethroids were also detected in breast milk and placenta samples from female dolphins, indicating that transfer to offspring could occur in utero and during nursing (Alonso et al 2012). Given the high trophic status of cetaceans, Alonso et al (2012) propose that bioaccumulation occurs despite the presumption that pyrethroids are deactivated by metabolic pathways.…”

Section: Pyrethroidsmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Infectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats

2014

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Pyrethroids: A new threat to marine mammals?

Cited by 110 publications

References 37 publications

Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in Mediterranean paddy fields

Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in Mediterranean paddy fields

Tissue distribution, metabolism and hepatic tissue injury in Chinese lizards (Eremias argus) after a single oral administration of lambda-cyhalothrin

Infectious Disease and Contaminants in Urban Wildlife: Unseen and Often Overlooked Threats

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