Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Stomoxys calcitrans and Stomoxys indicus (Diptera: Muscidae) Collected from Cattle Farms in Southern Thailand

Abstract

The susceptibility to six pyrethroid insecticides (permethrin, deltamethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and bifenthrin), each at the recommended concentration, was evaluated for two stable fly species—Stomoxys calcitrans (Linnaeus, 1758) and Stomoxys indicus Picard, 1908 (Diptera: Muscidae)—through tarsal contact using a World Health Organization (WHO) cone bioassay procedure. The field populations of S. calcitrans were collected from the Songkhla and Phattalung provinces, while S. indicus were collected from the Phattalung and Satun provinces in Thailand. The stable flies were exposed to insecticide-treated filter paper for 30 min, and their knockdown counts at 30 min and 60 min and mortality counts at 12 h and 24 h were recorded. The S. calcitrans and S. indicus Songkhla and Phattalung populations were moderately susceptible to pyrethroids, as indicated by the 24 h mortality. Nonetheless, the Satun population of S. indicus was completely susceptible to permethrin, with 100% mortality, and showed the lowest susceptibility to deltamethrin and bifenthrin. The results indicate the generally low susceptibility of stable flies to pyrethroids in the southern provinces of Thailand.

Biological Fitness Cost, Demographic Growth Characteristics, and Resistance Mechanism in Alpha-Cypermethrin-Resistant Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)

“…Unfortunately, overreliance on alpha-cypermethrin can lead to resistance development, increased control costs, and environmental pollution [11,12]. In fact, alpha-cypermethrin resistance has previously been observed in M. domestica, Bactrocera oleae Rossi., Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini, and Stomoxys calcitrans L. [11,[13][14][15]. As a result, increasing the dose of insecticide has become inevitable, which exerts adverse effects on the environment.…”

Alpha-Cypermethrin Resistance in Musca domestica: Resistance Instability, Realized Heritability, Risk Assessment, and Insecticide Cross-Resistance

“…In addition to M. domestica , alpha-cypermethrin resistance had been found worldwide in pests such as Anopheles stephensi Liston [ 41 ], Rhipicephalus microplus Canestrini [ 42 ], Bactrocera oleae Rossi. [ 20 , 22 ], Blattella germanica L. [ 43 ], and Stomoxys calcitrans L. [ 24 ].…”

“…However, the over-reliance on alpha-cypermethrin has led to resistance development and increased control costs [ 20 , 21 ]. Indeed, alpha-cypermethrin resistance has been reported in various insect pests worldwide [ 5 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ], forcing insecticide users to increase dosages, leading to the aforementioned negative effects.…”

Bleeding skin lesions in gestating sows of a piglet producing farm in Austria

“…Integrated insect management must be done continuously and in time to reach the main goal: minimising pesticide usage through monitoring, prevention and the use of alternatives to pesticides such as parasitoids and entomopathogenic organisms [15,23,24]. Pesticides were used over decades in insect control, but there is a rising number of reports of strains of stable and house ies resistant to pesticides [11,[24][25][26][27]. Farmers and herd attending veterinarians must have the necessary awareness of the harming effects not only of stable ies, but rather of all insects in pig farms.…”