Pyrazole–Tetrazole Hybrid with Trinitromethyl, Fluorodinitromethyl, or (Difluoroamino)dinitromethyl Groups: High‐Performance Energetic Materials

Abstract

High-nitrogen-content compounds have attracted great scientific interest and technological importance because of their unique energy content, and they find diverse applications in many fields of science and technology. Understanding of structure-property relationship trends and how to modify them is of paramount importance for their further improvement. Herein, the installation of oxygen-rich modules, C(NO ) , C(NO ) F, or C(NO ) NF , into an endothermic framework, that is, the combination of a nitropyrazole unit and tetrazole ring, is used as a way to design novel energetic compounds. Density, oxygen balance, and enthalpy of formation are enhanced by the presence of these oxygen-containing units. The structures of all compounds were confirmed by XRD. For crystal packing analysis, it is proposed to use new criterion, Δ , that can serve as a measure of the tightness of molecular packing upon crystal formation. Overall, the materials show promising detonation and propulsion parameters.

Assembly of Tetrazolylfuroxan Organic Salts: Multipurpose Green Energetic Materials with High Enthalpies of Formation and Excellent Detonation Performance

“…For the study we used a method, recently proposed by one of us, that is based on the analysis of the crystal packing in terms of simultaneous consideration of molecular density ( d mol ) and the Δ OED criterion that is defined as densification of a molecule upon its transition to a crystal (Δ OED = d cryst − d mol ). Such an approach enables a separate investigation of the two contributions to crystal density: the first one is due to the molecule itself ( d mol ) and the other one describes how the molecule is densified upon crystal structure formation (Δ OED ).…”

Nitration of Azasydnones and Azasydnonimines: A Method for the Functionalization of Aryl Derivatives

“…In addition, molecules of compound 25 form more stacking interactions which, to some extent, decrease an ability for close packing . On the other hand, more and somewhat stronger C−H…O and O… π contacts as well as NO 2 …NO 2 interactions are formed in crystals of compound 25 which usually favor tight crystal packing . Finally, as in the structure of compound 24 and 25 , approximately half of pair intermolecular interactions are provided by van‐der‐Waals forces; however, for the crystal of compound 24 such interactions are stronger.…”

Synthesis and Characterization of 3‐(5‐(Fluorodinitromethyl)‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐yl)‐4‐nitrofurazan: A Novel Promising Energetic Component of Boron‐based Fuels for Rocket Ramjet Engines

“…Layers are formed by anions linked through hydrogen bonds with ammonium cations and additionally stabilized by O…π interactions. Layers are rotated relative to each other and connected by shortened O…O and O…N contacts (for details, see Supporting Materials) which are commonly observed in polynitroheterocycles . In spite of the presence of the ammonium cation, crystal density of compound 6 is very high (1.910 g cm −3 at 100 K) (for details, see ESI).…”